A Different Kind of Freedom? Order and Discipline among the Moravian Brethren in Germany and Salem, North Carolina 1771–1801

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Sommer
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
German Society ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Communal Orientation ◽  
Spiritual Freedom ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Specific Impact

On 19 January 1774, Joseph Müller was expelled from the town of Salem, North Carolina for becoming engaged to Sarah Hauser without the permission of the Elders Conference. On 23 August 1775 Mattheus Weiβ was likewise expelled forwriting a “bad letter” to friends in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and on 4 November 1789, Jacob Bonn Jr., who hadbeen struggling with chronic debt, was expelled for refusing to sell his house and accept a steward for his finances. Theexpulsion of inhabitants for such offenses seems odd in a century labelled the “age of enlightenment.” It might well be viewed by good American constitutionalists as an unacceptable intrusion into the private lives of the individuals concerned. For the Moravian Brethren who built Salem on an ideal molded in Germany, the behavior of such offending Brethren represented a conflict between two different concepts of freedom: that of individual freedom, whichcame to be identified by both the European and American leadership of the Brethren as “American,” and that ofa spiritual freedom, which found expression in the submission to the good of the whole and obedience to Christ as literallord of the community. Historian A. G. Roeber has pointed out that many Germans were puzzled by “the American freedom” especially in the post-revolutionary years and did not always even agree among themselves over its precise meaning. Clearly, however, for many of them it represented a sharp departure from the more communal orientation of German society and government. Even the greater spiritual freedom offered by the lack of a state church was often viewed ambiguously. We can gain insight into the particular meaning of the conflict for the Brethren by first looking at the origins of the Moravian behavioral ideal, then at the way in which the dynamics of church/town discipline illustrate the tension between communal ideal and individual freedom, and finally by considering the specific impact of the translation of this ideal to an American setting.

scholarly journals From the Legacy of the Landfras Printing Works in the Jindřichův Hradec Archives – a Mirror of Time in Family Correspondence

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Helena Hálová
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The University ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Synoptic Table

The article studies the set of 27 original letters deposited in the Documentation Collection – Cultural-Historical Archives of the State District Archives of Jindřichův Hradec. This collection contains documents of non-official provenance concerning, among other topics, also remarkable figures of the town. A leading position among them is assumed by the Landfras family, whose members were not only owners of a prosperous printing works, but also patriots, leaders of the town, and supporters of education, societies and culture. The letters provide an insight into the private lives of the members of the Landfras family, in particular its most significant member, Alois Landfras, and people connected with the family. The article deals with an overall comparison of the letters. It studies references to them and to events in their family, and connections with their life in Jindřichův Hradec. It adds some less known information on the studies of Alois Landfras at the university in Prague, providing an insight into his inner world. The article is complemented by a synoptic table of all letters, including the quoted persons and places.

Dažu vācu muzikālo tradīciju pārnese latviešu kultūrtelpā 18. gadsimta II pusē

Letonica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Māra Grudule
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
German Society ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Popular Songs ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Insight Into

The article gives insight into a specific component of the work of Baltic enlightener Gotthard Friedrich Stender (1714–1796) that has heretofore been almost unexplored — the transfer of German musical traditions to the Latvian cultural space. Even though there are no sources that claim that Stender was a composer himself, and none of his books contain musical notation, the texts that had been translated by Stender and published in the collections “Jaunas ziņģes” (New popular songs, 1774) and “Ziņģu lustes” (The Joy of singing, 1785, 1789) were meant for singing and, possibly, also for solo-singing with the accompaniment of some musical instrument. This is suggested, first, by how the form of the translation corresponds to the original’s form; second, by the directions, oftentimes attached to the text, that indicate the melody; and third, by the genres of the German originals cantata and song. Stender translated several compositions into Latvian including the text of the religious cantata “Der Tod Jesu” (The Death of Jesus, 1755) by composer Karl Heinrich Graun (1754–1759); songs by various composers that were widely known in German society; as well as a collection of songs by the composer Johann Gottlieb Naumann (1741–1801) that, in its original form, was published together with notation and was intended for solo-singing (female vocals) with the accompaniment of a piano. This article reveals the context of German musical life in the second half of the 18th century and explains the role of music as an instrument of education in Baltic-German and Latvian societies.

Investigating “self-conscious” speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Schilling-Estes
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Frequent Contact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
New Residents ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Regular Patterning

ABSTRACTThis article examines PERFORMANCE SPEECH in the historically isolated island community of Ocracoke, North Carolina. Over the past several decades islanders have come into increasingly frequent contact with tourists and new residents, who often comment on the island's “quaint” relic dialect. In response, some Ocracokers have developed performance phrases that highlight island features, particularly the pronunciation of/ay/ with a raised/backed nucleus, i.e. [Λ-1]. The analysis of/ay/ in the performance and non-performance speech of a representative Ocracoke speaker yields several important insights for the study of language in its social context. First, performance speech may display more regular patterning than has traditionally been assumed. Second, it lends insight into speaker perception of language features. Finally, the incorporation of performance speech into the variationist-based study of style-shifting offers support for the growing belief that style-shifting may be primarily proactive rather than reactive. (Keywords: Ocracoke, performance speech, style-shifting, stylistic variation, register, self-conscious speech.)

The Sport Marriage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Great Cost ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Sport Industry ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into

Male professional athletes captivate fans and profoundly influence today’s society as part of the $1.3 trillion global sport industry. Although these athletes’ lives and careers are widely reported, scholarly knowledge about the women who support them—their wives—is extremely limited. Because these women’s voices have historically been stifled, their marriages are shockingly misunderstood. Based on findings from the first and only longitudinal study on the sport marriage, this book corrects the abundance of misinformation reported by all forms of media, dispels undeserved stereotypes, and addresses inaccurate assumptions about the heteronormative sport marriage. It demonstrates how, despite major changes in society and sport since the end of the last century, the fundamental nature of the heteronormative sport marriage has not changed. Sport wives remain isolated and subordinate, even while they make significant contributions to their husbands’ careers. Identifying the sport marriage as a career-dominated marriage, the book allows us into these women’s public and private lives, including their need to conform to unwritten rules and codes, adapt to abundant power and control issues, cope with groupies from all walks of life, and find ways to deal with their oft-justified fears about their husbands’ infidelity. The book shares intimate stories about, and provides rare and unflinching insight into, what it is like to be married to these highly visible men, what it means to be a woman in the male-dominated world of professional sports, and why women remain in a sport marriage at great cost to themselves.

scholarly journals Food for all? Critically evaluating the role of the Incredible Edible movement in the UK

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Michael Hardman ◽  
Mags Adams ◽  
Melissa Barker ◽  
Luke Beesley
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Food Movement ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into

With the concept of Urban Agriculture (UA) growing in popularity, more cities and towns are exploring opportunities to enable the practice and transform neglected spaces into havens for produce. This chapter provides an insight into one such town, Todmorden and its Incredible Edible movement, located in the heart of England. This chapter adopts a qualitative approach to critically exploring the IET movement and to understand its impact on Todmorden. We engaged with key actors and the public in order to ascertain views towards the schemes, analysing the positives and negatives of the model. Findings revealed that the scheme has an overwhelmingly positive impact on the town, with social, environmental and economic benefits. Furthermore, it was made clear that IET is helping to create a more just food movement in Todmorden, particularly through its free for all philosophy. However, some negatives were also highlighted during the course of the research, predominately around maintenance issues and a lack of perceived inclusivity in parts. Overall, the scheme was highly valued and seen as a powerful method for growing the wider UA movement; recommendations centred on further replicating the model and helping local food to prosper in similar locations globally.

scholarly journals Islamic Studies in the Academic Heritage of Academician A. Krymsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Kochubey
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Deep Insight ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literature History ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Specific Impact

A.Yu.Krymsky is a world-renowned scholar, a well-known Orientalist who has dedicated his life to the study of Middle Eastern and Middle Eastern issues. Even the layman knows that it is impossible to study the languages, literature, history or ethnography of the peoples of the region without a deep insight into the science that is called Islamology or Islamology. The lives of people in this region, whether private or public, are closely related to religion - Islam. People familiar with the Judeo-Christian tradition often fail to understand the specific impact of the system of Islam as a universal regulator of the entire existence of a Muslim. It is quite clear that at the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages ​​in Moscow, he studied the position of the Muslim religion while studying the history of the medieval East, and even in Arabic lessons, students engaged in the analysis of cornic texts.

Early Mississippian in the North Carolina Piedmont

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond A. Boudreaux
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The North ◽  
Town Creek ◽  
North Carolina Piedmont ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Town

The topic of Mississippian origins in the North Carolina Piedmont has received very little attention from archaeologists since the 1950s. This chapter pulls together information from multiple sites, especially the extensively excavated Town Creek site, to present an overview of Early Mississippian in the North Carolina Piedmont. The presence of Mississippian lifeways in the region is indicated by the appearance of complicated-stamped ceramics by around A.D. 1150-1200. Associated social changes include the appearance of archaeologically visible households and the development of a civic-ceremonial center at the Town Creek site. Public and domestic architecture as well as evidence for ritual activities suggests that social groups interacted and were integrated at multiple scales within the Early Mississippian community at Town Creek.

Women and family

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-273
Author(s):  
Alice Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into

Using primary sources including diaries and letters, this chapter sheds considerable light on the female intellectual and cultural sphere. A wide-ranging discussion of middle-class women living in an Irish urban context is offered here. Although Victorian elite women left a much lighter record than that of men, private correspondence from the large Workman family and Mary Watts’ diary and biography provide a fascinating insight into the female sphere as it existed in the town. Women’s experience of education, culture, singleness, courtship, marriage, motherhood and philanthropy are all discussed in this chapter, raising questions about levels of female independence, self-worth and participation in the public sphere. Fatherhood and childhood are also discussed in this chapter.

The Spinning House girls: Cambridge University's distinctive policing of prostitution, 1823–1894

Urban History ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET OSWALD
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Town Centre ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
The University ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT:This article explores the regulation of prostitution in nineteenth-century Cambridge by an appraisal of the committal books of the university prison. Each evening in term-time the university proctors arrested and imprisoned local ‘streetwalkers’ in an attempt to protect the students’ morals. This research offers insight into the ways in which Cambridge's geography and its dual system of governance influenced the policing of prostitution in the town centre. The former compelled students and townspeople to share the same crowded space and the latter enabled the university to enforce traditional patterns of class and gender to control sexuality in the town.

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