Ladies of the Fraternity of Saint George and of the Society of the Garter

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Western World ◽  
Central Component ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chansons De Geste ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Chicago Press ◽  
Status Of Women

Contemporary society has discovered—or in some cases been forced to discover—the worth of women. Historians have provided valuable insights into the social, cultural, and legal status of women in an effort to highlight the roots of attitudes that have excluded women from positions of power in the western world. Much of this research has focused upon new ways of viewing history, and the fine series of monographs Women in Culture and Society being published by the University of Chicago Press provides a prime example of the new awareness of the distaff side of history. Yet, little attention has been paid to some of the most basic assumptions of past generations of medieval historians about women and society. The claim that male chauvinist attitudes are founded in the primative Germanic concept of a warrior fraternity from which women were physiologically excluded from membership was already hoary when Fritz Kern published his classic account of medieval law and society in 1914. The comitatus band of Tacitus has been seen as a central component of the leitmotiv that produced chivalry. The chivalric love ethic has, of course, received great attention from women's historians, but the chivalric orders into which such views were distilled have been largely ignored.The traditional view of the chivalric orders as fossilized parodies of the values they espoused so eloquently advocated by Johan Huizinga's The Waning of the Middle Ages still holds the field. Only in the last year have the chivalric orders been rehabilitated as genuine expressions of the human values of their age. The position of women within the tradition of the chivalric orders is worth a look for the intrinsic interest of the subject and for the insights that the investigation provides into the shifts in attitudes toward females over the centuries. The chivalric orders, and the Arthurian legends that inspired them, placed a high value on women, much higher than the earlier chansons de geste. While it is true that this tradition tended to place the lady upon a pedestal from which her daughters have fought to climb down, the greatest and longest lasting of these late-medieval chivalric fraternities, the Order of the Garter, also gave women a role in its celebrations.

scholarly journals Designing the social estate of odnodvortsy of the western provinces in 1831

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Constantin Vadimovich Troianowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Category ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article investigates the process of designing of the new social estate in imperial Russia - odnodvortsy of the western provinces. This social category was designed specifically for those petty szlachta who did not possess documents to prove their noble ancestry and status. The author analyses deliberations on the subject that took place in the Committee for the Western Provinces. The author focuses on the argument between senior imperial officials and the Grodno governor Mikhail Muraviev on the issue of registering petty szlachta in fiscal rolls. Muraviev argued against setting up a special fiscal-administrative category for petty szlachta suggesting that its members should join the already existing unprivileged categories of peasants and burgers. Because this proposal ran against the established fiscal practices, the Committee opted for creating a distinct social estate for petty szlachta. The existing social estate paradigm in Russia pre-assigned the location of the new soslovie in the imperial social hierarchy. Western odnodvortsy were to be included into a broad legal status category of the free inhabitants. Despite similarity of the name, the new estate was not modeled on the odnodvortsy of the Russian provinces because they retained from the past certain privileges (e.g. the right to possess serfs) that did not correspond to the 19th century attributes of unprivileged social estates.

scholarly journals Formación de educadores sociales en Cataluña: reflexiones acerca de los grados de Educación Social ofrecidos por dos universidades de Barcelona (p. 45-64)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Minussi Franco
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Careers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Intense Debate

Este artigo trata de descrever os processos de formação profissional de educa-dores sociais no âmbito da educação universitária na Comunidade Autônomada Catalunha, na Espanha. Nos últimos anos, devido ao surgimento de novasformas de exclusão social, ao aumento das desigualdades e à crescente globali-zação, verifica-se um aprofundamento do debate sobre a profissão do educadorsocial, suas competências e funções e, ao mesmo tempo, sobre a necessidade derepensar sua formação. Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto mais amplo sobreo assunto e apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica baseada no contexto acadêmicoespanhol, com uma descrição das propostas formativas dos cursos de graduaçãode Educação Social de duas universidades catalãs de importante reconhecimentointernacional: Universidade de Barcelona e Universidade Autônoma de Barce-lona. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de uma maior aproximação entreo processo formativo que os educadores recebem no âmbito universitário e asnecessidades reais presentes nas instituições socioeducativas.Palavras-chave: Educação social. Educador social. Formação profissional.Competências.ResumenEste artículo trata de describir dos procesos de formación profesional de educa-dores sociales en el ámbito de la educación universitaria en la Comunidad Autó-noma de Cataluña, España. En los últimos años, a consecuencia del surgimientode nuevas formas de exclusión social, del aumento de las desigualdades y de lacreciente globalización, se verifica una intensificación del debate sobre la profe-sión del educador social, sus competencias, sus funciones y a la vez sobre la ne-cesidad de repensar su formación. Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto másamplio acerca del tema y presenta una revisión bibliográfica basada en el contex-to académico español, al lado de una descripción de las propuestas formativas delas carreras de Educación Social de dos universidades catalanas de importante re-conocimiento internacional: Universidad de Barcelona y Universidad Autónomade Barcelona. Los resultados evidencian la importancia de la aproximación entreel proceso formativo que los educadores reciben en el ámbito universitario y lasnecesidades reales presentes en las instituciones socioeducativas.Palabras clave: Educación social. Educador social. Formación profesional.Competencias.AbstractThis article looks at the courses offered at two higher-education institutions fortraining social educators in the autonomous region of Catalonia, Spain. In recentyears, due to new forms of social exclusion, the escalation of inequality andincreasing globalization, there is a more intense debate on the profession of thesocial educator, their competences, roles and, at the same time, on the need torethink their training. This work is part of a larger project on the subject and pre-sents a bibliographical review based on the Spanish academic context, along witha description of the training proposals of the Social Education careers withintwo Catalan universities: University of Barcelona and Autonomous University ofBarcelona. The results show the importance of combining the training processoffered to social educators in the university context with the real needs of thesocio-educational institutions where they will practice their profession.Keywords: Social education. Social educator. Professional training. Competencies.

scholarly journals مولانا سمیع الحق شہیدؒ کی علمی، سیاسی، معاشرتی اور سماجی خدمات

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Dr. Junaid Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Kamran Hoti ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Ikramullah
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Western World ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

Mawlānā Sami’-ul-Ḥaq (Shahīd) was a renowned Islamic Scholar, journalist, writer, politician, mujahid, and at the same time he was a wonderful leader and thinker on world affairs. In addition to teaching at the Dārul ‘Ulūm Ḥaqqāniyah Akora Khattak for almost sixty (60) years, he remained in active politics for forty-eight (48) years. He remained so close to the Afghans Jihād that in the Western world he was known as the "Father of the Taliban" and his madrassa as the "University of Jihad." Because of this fame, his academic, social, political, and community services were hidden from view. Due to his commitment to Afghan jihad and being the head of various religious and political movements, he has been the subject of debate in many circles. Questions have been raised about his academic credentials, commitment to the Afghan jihad, success rate in various religious and political movements, and the actual narrative of those movements. In addition to interviewing teachers at Dārul ‘Ulūm Ḥaqqāniyah and the people close to him, his personal writings, books, and articles about him have been used to find answers to all these questions. The study concludes that he was a reformer who played his role very well in different aspects of life.

A Note on Functional Linguistics in the Middle Ages

Traditio ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfons Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
Future Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The University ◽  
The Middle Ages

Treatises de modis significandi are known to have been a favorite genre of scholastic literature. One of them, by Martinus de Dacia, has lately been made the subject of a thorough study by Father Heinrich Roos, S.J., and will be briefly discussed in these pages. The text of this treatise, and commentaries on it, are found in a fairly large number of manuscripts, of which Fr. Roos presents a list, and which he endeavors to determine in their mutual relation in order to lay the groundwork for a future edition, apparently — as much as any one not himself familiar with the manuscripts can judge — with thoroughness and reliablity (chs. I, II). In some of the manuscripts and in certain other sources the treatise is ascribed to one Martinus de Dacia (Denmark). Very convincingly Fr. Roos demonstrates (ch. III) that this bit of information is correct and that the author was identical with a high-ranking Danish cleric of that name, who at one time was the chancellor of King Eric VI Menved. It is likely that Martinus composed his treatise while he was a professor in the Liberal Arts Faculty of the University of Paris, probably around 1250. The treatise seems to have enjoyed a great reputation, which would be accounted for if Fr. Roos is right in assuming that Martinus set the model for the entire type. In the last two chapters (IV, V) Fr. Roos describes the character and basic ideas of the tractate against the background of the development of scholarship and higher education during the Middle Ages. This historical outline is very interesting and instructive indeed. Nevertheless it provokes criticism regarding two interrelated points, namely, the characterization of scholastic grammar and its position in the history of linguistic studies.

Letters of the Christian intellectual: Alcuin and his epistolary heritage

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Anastasia Ilyina
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Alcuin Of York

The article examines the epistolary legacy (numbering more than three hundred letters) of Alcuin of York, perhaps the most prominent figure of the so-called Carolingian Renaissance, a famous associate of Charlemagne. Comparison of Alcuin’s letters with samples of late antique epistolography makes it possible to trace the degree of continuity of cultural and social practices of pagan Antiquity and the Christian Middle Ages. In addition, reference to Alcuin’s correspondence makes it possible to look into the inner world of a Christian intellectual, to get acquainted with the issues and problems that occupy the minds of his contemporaries, to build a scheme of Alcuin’s network communication and to understand how far his spiritual influence extended in Europe and with which social layers he communicated. Setting the goal of identifying the characteristic features of the Christian intellectual community at the turn of the VIII—IX centuries on the basis of the analysis of Alcuin’s epistolary heritage, the author of the article defines the social and geographical boundaries of the circulation of Alcuin’s letters, identifies the succession of his letters from the ancient epistolary tradition, identifies and analyzes the main problems raised in Alcuin’s letters. To achieve this goal, the article uses a historical and anthropological approach with elements of semiotic analysis. The succession of Alcuin’s correspondence from the traditions of late antique epistolography is reflected, first of all, in the form of letters, the way they were written, and the use of stable rhetorical techniques. At the same time, attention is drawn to the change in the social portrait of the address and, due to this, the expansion of the circle of addressees, which now includes not only representatives of the highest secular and church elite, but also nsufficiently educated and ignoble people, for whom Alcuin acted as a spiritual father and mentor. The analysis of the letters shows that Alcuin’s awareness of his responsibility for the fate of the addressees determines the subject matter of the letters, many of which are devoted to explaining the responsibilities of certain members of the Christian community, defining the area of responsibility of the laity and clergy, constructing of the image of an ideal clergyman or a righteous layman.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document