Shaftesbury as Stoic

PMLA ◽  
1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther A. Tiffany
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Romantic Movement

A new interest of late has awakened in Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, through the realization that he is the fountain-head of much of the æsthetics and ethics prevalent in the last century and in our own time. While it has been generally recognized that the background of Shaftesbury's thought is classical, as was to be expected of any student and thinker of his period, deriving both from Stoicism and from Platonism and neo-Platonism, attention and interest have chiefly been concentrated upon those aspects of his thought which look toward the coming romantic movement. Also, such classical influences as have been recognized are usually interpreted from the post-renaissance point-of-view, as agreeing in the main with such modifications of Platonic and neo-Platonic thought as are referred to in discussing “Platonism” of Shelley. Thus C. W. Weiser enlarges upon Shaftesbury's indebtedness to the Platonic and neo-Platonic traditions—terms which he uses, as he explains, in a very general sense, as pertaining to the life of the feeling (the Platonic way) in opposition to the life of the reason (the Aristotelian way).

scholarly journals Romantic medievalism from a new comparative perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Dariusz Seweryn
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Romantic Movement ◽  
The Middle Ages

From certain point of view a desperate defense of an aesthetic doctrine of classicism, undertaken by Jan Śniadecki, a Polish mathematician and astronomer of the eighteenth century, resembles the E. R. Curtius’ thesis on “Latinism” as a universal factor integrating European culture; it may be stated that post-Stanislavian classical writers in Poland were driven by the same “concern for the preservation of Western culture” which motivated Ernst Robert Curtius in the times of the Third Reich and after its collapse. But the noble-minded intentions were in both cases grounded on similarly distorted perspective, which ensued from a mistificatory attitude towards a non-Latin heritage of the European culture. The range of that mystification or delusion has been fully revealed by findings made by modern so-called new comparative mythology/philology. Another aspect of the problem is an uniform model of the Middle Ages, partially correlated with the Enlightenment-based stereotype of “the dark Middle Ages”, which despite of its anachronism existed in literary studies for a surprisingly long period of time. Although the Romantic Movement of 18th – 19th centuries has been quite correctly acknowledged as an anti-Latinistic upheaval, its real connections with certain traditions of Middle Ages still remain not properly understood. Some concepts concerning Macpherson’s The Works of ossian, put forward by modern ethnology, may yield clues to the research on the question. As suggested by Joseph Falaky Nagy, Macpherson’s literary undertaking may by looked into as a parallel to Acallam na Senórach compiled in Ireland between 11th and 13th centuries: in both cases to respond to threats to the Gaelic culture there arose a literary monument and compendium of the commendable past with the core based on the Fenian heroic tradition that was the common legacy for the Irish and Highlanders. Taking into consideration some other evidence, it can be ascertained that Celtic and Germanic revival initiated in the second half of 18th century was not only one of the most important impulses for the Romantic Movement, but it was also, in a sense, an actual continuation of the efforts of mediaeval writers and compilers (Geoffrey of Monmouth, Snorri Sturluson, Saxo Grammaticus, anonymous compilers of Lebor gabála Érenn and Acallam, Wincenty Kadłubek), who would successfully combine Latin, i.e. classical, and ecclesiastical erudition with a desire to preserve and adapt in a creative way their own “pagan” and “barbarian” legacy. A special case of this (pre)Romantic revival concerns Slavic cultures, in particular the Polish one. Lack of source data on the oldest historical and cultural tradition of Slavic languages, especially in the Western region, and no record about Slavic tradition in highbrow literary culture induced two solutions: the first one was a production of philological forgeries (like Rukopis královédvorský and Rukopis zelenohorský), the second one was an attempt to someway reconstruct that lost heritage. Works of three Romantic historians, W. Surowiecki, W. A. Maciejowski, F. H. Lewestam, shows the method. Seemingly contradicting theories they put forward share common ground in aspects which are related to the characteristics of the first Slavic societies: a sense of being native inhabitants, pacifism, rich natural resources based on highly-effective agriculture, dynamic demography, a flattened social hierarchy and physical prowess. The fact of even greater importance is that the image of that kind has the mythological core, the circumstance which remains hitherto unnoticed. Polish historians not only tended to identify historical ancient Slavs with mythical Scandinavian Vanir (regarding it obvious), but also managed to recall the great Indo-European theme of ”founding conflict” (in Dumézilian terms), despite whole that mythological model being far beyond the horizon of knowledge at that time. Despite all anachronisms, lack of knowledge and instrumental involvement in aesthetic, political or religious ideology, Romanticism really started the restitution of the cultural legacy of the Middle Ages, also in domain of linguistic and philological research. The consequences of that fact should be taken into account in literary history studies.

PARTIAL ALGEBRAIC CONDITIONAL SPACES

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (06) ◽  
pp. 781-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO DI NOLA ◽  
ROMANO SCOZZAFAVA
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Common Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Axiomatic Definition ◽  
De Finetti ◽  
Conditional Events ◽  
The Given

Conditioning plays a central role, both from a theoretical and practical point of view, in domains such as logic and probability, or rule–based expert systems. In classical approaches to probability, there is the notion of "conditional probability" P(E|H), but usually there is no meaning given to E|H itself. In 1935 de Finetti 5 was the first to mention "conditional events" outside the function P. We shall refer to a concept of conditional event extensively discussed in 4, where the idea of de Finetti of looking at E|H, with H≠∅ (the impossible event), as a three–valued logical entity (true when both E and H are true, false when H is true and E is false, "undetermined" when H is false) is generalized (or better, in a sense, is given up) by letting the third "value" t(E, H)suitably depend on the given ordered pair(E, H) and not being just an undetermined common value for all pairs. Here an axiomatic definition is given of Partial Algebraic Conditional Spaces (PACS), that is a set of conditional events endowed with two partial operations (denoted by ⊕ and ⊙): we then show that the structure discussed through a betting scheme in 4 (i.e., a class of particular random variables with suitable partial sum and product) is a "natural" model of a PCAS. Moreover, it turns out that the map t(E, H) can be looked on – with this choice of the two operations ⊕ and ⊙ – as a conditional probability (in its most general sense related to the concept of coherence) satisfying the classic de Finetti – Popper axioms.

Kierkegaard, Hannah Arendt and the Advent of the “Hollow Men” or towards a Kierkegaardian Reading of Eichmann in Jerusalem

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Guedes Rossatti
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
Ethics And Politics

AbstractHannah Arendt realized through her confrontation with Eichmann in Jerusalem that totalitarian regimes and, in a more general sense, modernity promote “thoughtlessness,” understood as the inability to think from an ethical point of view. As such, I argue that Eichmann’s figure is entirely comprehensible from a Kierkegaardian perspective, inasmuch as Kierkegaard had already comprehended in the mid-nineteenth century that modernity was accountable for the fomenting of “nobodies” characterized precisely by “thoughtlessness.” In this sense, my article seeks to promote an approximation between Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s works (with special reference to Eichmann in Jerusalem) with the intention of discussing the centrality of the Socratic-Augustinian notions of “conscience” and “individuality” in their conceptions of ethics and politics. In sum, I argue that what links both Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s thought is a form of “Socratic citizenship.”

Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: IV. Counter-Transference

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (536) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sandler ◽  
A. Holder ◽  
C. Dare
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Treatment Setting ◽  
Therapeutic Relationships ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Treatment Situation ◽  
Psychoanalytic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Alliance ◽  
The Relationship

In previous papers in this series we have discussed two concepts which have been used in connection with aspects of the relationship between the patient and his doctor. These were the treatment alliance (Sandler, Holder and Dare, 1970) and transference (Sandler, Dare and Holder, 1970). Although these two clinical concepts originated within the psychoanalytic treatment situation they are capable of extension outside it. Both relate to and emphasize processes occurring within the patient and tend to stress one side of the relationship only. Even the concept of treatment alliance, although nominally appearing to include the roles of both patient and doctor, has tended to be regarded from the point of view of processes and attitudes in the patient; the aspect of the therapist's attitudes, feelings and professional stance have to a large extent been omitted. However, in recent years more attention has been paid in psychoanalytic and other writings to the relation of the doctor towards his patient. Just as the term ‘transference’ is often used loosely as a synonym for the totality of the patient's relation to his therapist, so is the term ‘counter-transference’ often used in a general sense (both within psychoanalysis and outside it) to describe the whole of the therapist's feelings and attitudes towards his patient, and even to describe facets of normal, non-therapeutic relationships (Kemper, 1966). Such a usage is very different from what was originally intended, and as a consequence confusion has arisen about the precise meaning of the term. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the concept in the light of its origins and development within psychoanalysis and to comment briefly on some possibilities of its extension outside the psychoanalytic treatment setting.

Renewal of Envelope Constructions of Panel Residential Houses as a Tool for Elimination of Hygienic Problems of Thermal Bridges

2013 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rastislav Menďan ◽  
Boris Vavrovič
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Original State ◽  
Thermal Bridges

In a general sense, it is possible to say, that panel houses show considerable defects. Many of them results from insufficient thermal protection. At present, these buildings fail to meet the requirements from the point of view of neither thermal insulation properties nor hygienic criterion (Slovak Standard STN 73 0540-2:2012). This shortcoming manifests itself not only in large consumption of heat for space heating, but also in functional and hygienic shortcomings of envelope constructions (formation of moulds). The paper deals with a thermal technical analysis of selected critical details (thermal bridges) of envelope constructions of panel residential houses in original state and in state after adding thermal insulation.

Effects of pesticides on wildlife

1967 ◽  
Vol 167 (1007) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Environment

Most of the research on the effects of pesticides on wildlife has been done in order to reduce harmful side effects, that is by scientists interested in conservation. Since the approach of conservation ecologists is conditioned by the aims of their work these should be mentioned, for, unlike the aims of agriculture and preventive medicine, they cannot be taken for granted. This is unfortunate because conservation is, I believe, an important and probably an essential activity of modern man. Essentially the aim of conservation is to hand on biological diversity to future generations. The reasons for this are : 1. We never know when a particular species may not become of particular value to man in the future; once a species becomes extinct it is lost for ever. 2. Biological diversity produces stability; and in a general sense a stable total environment is better for mankind than an unstable one. The important corollary from the point of view of today’s discussion is that conservationists are primarily concerned with the survival of species. In this their approach is radically different from that of medical and veterinary experts who are primarily concerned with the survival of individuals. One of the main practical results of the difference is this—for medical purposes, toxicological data provide a reasonable basis for predicting the hazards of pesticides; but for the conservationist they are inadequate unless supplemented by data obtained in the field. The concern of the conservationist with populations conditions his whole approach to the problem of pesticides; but I believe it forces him into looking at it fundamentally, for the essential pesticide problems are ones of population ecology. In this paper I shall describe the nature of the subject in ecological terms before briefly summarizing research which is being done to elucidate some of the wildlife problems.

scholarly journals Teori Gradasi : Komparasi Antara Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Sadra

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Benny Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Mulla Sadra ◽  
Specific Sense

Prior to Mullā Ṣadrā, the discussion of the gradation (al-tashkīk) was limited on the category of quality and that of quantity, both are known as the differential gradation (al-tashkīk al- tafāḍulī). In Ibn Sīnā’s point of view, the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-tashkīk fī al-‘araḍī) while in Suhrawardi’s, it occurs in the quiddity (al-tashkīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Ṣadrā rejects both views and proves that essentially (bi al-dhāt) the gradation, in the specific sense,  occurs  in  the  reality  of  existence  (tashkīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), while the gradation in the general sense just follows (bi  al-ilḥaq) it.  Using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approache, this article is aimed to show the meeting points as well as separating ones of the thoughts of the three philosophers concerning gradation; also, to point out that after proving the oneness in the reality of existence and asserting the differential gradation in it, Mullā Ṣadrā proceeds to elaborate two other kinds of gradation:  (1) that which is more specific than the differential gradation, i.e., the causal gradation (al-tashkīk al-‘illī), and (2) that which is outside of the differential gradation, i.e., the accidental gradation.Keywords :  gradation,  the  gradation  in  matters,    the  causal  gradation,  the  accidental gradation.   Pembahasan  gradasi  (al-tasykīk)  sebelum  periode  Mullā  Shadrā  terbatas  pada  kategori kualitas  dan  kuantitas,  atau  dikenal  dengan  istilah  gradasi  diferensial  (al-tasykīk  al- tafādhulī).  Dalam  pandangan  Ibn  Sīnā,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  hal-hal  aksidental  (al-tasykīk fī  al-‘aradhī);  sementara  menurut  Suhrawardī,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  quiditas  (al-tasykīk  fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Shadrā menolak kedua pandangan tersebut dan membuktikan bahwa gradasi, dalam makna spesifik,  secara esensial (bi al-dzāt) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasykīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), sedangkan gradasi dalam makna umum terjadi tidak secara esensial melainkan hanya mengikuti (bi al-ilḥaq). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif- analitis dan pendekatan komparatif, ulasan artikel ini ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan titik temu dan perbedaan pandangan ketiga filsuf tersebut seputar gradasi; juga, menunjukkan  bagaimana  Mullā  Shadrā,  setelah  membuktikan  klaim  adanya  kesatuan  dan  gradasi diferensial  pada  hakikat  eksistensi,  melanjutkan  mengelaborasi  dua  gradasi  lainnya:  (1) pertama, gradasi yang lebih spesifik (akhashsh) dari gradasi diferensial, yaitu gradasi kausal (al-tasykīk al-‘illī); dan, (2) kedua, gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial, yaitu gradasi aksidental (al-tasykīk al-‘aradhi).  Kata-kata Kunci : gradasi, gradasi dalam materi, gradasi kausal, gradasi aksidental. 

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СМЫСЛА В ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯХ СОБОЛЕЗНОВАНИЯ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kharitonova
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Sense Element

Статья посвящена анализу речевого акта соболезнования с точки зрения конфигурации единого смыслового комплекса данного речевого акта. Дается краткая прагматическая характеристика соболезнования, входящего в состав симпативных речевых актов. Автор, основываясь на многокомпонентной динамической модели смысла, подробно описывает отдельные компоненты смысла речевого акта соболезнования, определяет место каждого из них в единой смысловой системе. Делаются выводы о центральной роли в смысловом единстве соболезнования интенционального смысла, имплицитности, скрытости пропозиционального компонента, неравнозначной представленности элементов эмотивного смысла.The article focuses on the analysis of the speech act of condolence from the point of view of its sense unity configuration. The article provides a brief pragmatic characteristic of condolence which may be referred to the group of sympathic speech acts within the major class of expressives. Based on the multi-component dynamic model of sense, the author gives a detailed description of every single sense element in condolence utterances and determines their position in the general sense complex. The author concludes on the central, foreground position of the intentional component in the whole sense unity of condolences, the propositional component being implicit.

scholarly journals An Introduction to and a Translation into English of Khalil I. Al-Fuzai’s1 “Thursday Fair”2

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Gassim H. Dohal
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Old People ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Educational Issue ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The City

This narrative is the title story of the whole collection. Thursday Fair is a weekly marketplace where people go to buy, sell, and exchange commodities in the city on Thursday. The author draws a realistic picture of any weekly marketplace in Saudi Arabia; villagers, farmers, and those who live in the suburbs go to such places to sell their goods and buy their necessities. For example, he describes in vivid detail canopies that protect people from the heat of the sun and crowds cramming into the stores. More exciting is the description of Olyan, the main character in this story, “moving from place to place...3” in a race for time. Such a weekly marketplace is held in various regions of Saudi Arabia, moving from place to place on different days. Usually each day the marketplace moves a distance of ten to fifteen miles, so sellers with trucks and the ability can move to the next location. The commercial shops in each city benefit from these events. However, in the character of Olyan, the author draws a picture of a youth who goes to the city for his mother and neighbors. Of course, not everyone is able to go to the city to buy the items they need, particularly old people and women. And as this story indicates, being nice enough to volunteer for such an errand can bring one grief; one is expected not to forget, miss, or lose a thing. Indeed, one may be blamed. Unfortunately, people like Olyan are illiterate, so if someone writes him a list, he must find a reader at the marketplace. Even now, with education more available to new generations, some old people still bring pieces of paper with them and ask sellers to read for them. Besides, the author in this story presents the city and the marketplace from the villagers’ point of view: the market is a place of “contradictions... bad and good aromas... harmful and beautiful scenery... harsh and soft bodies... sounds of insult and curse...” while “salesmen of the city are deceitful, so be careful O Olyan.” The author brings to light here an educational issue: in the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century, rural people used not to send their children to school at the age of six for many reasons. First, schools were a far walk for children, and there was no school transportation. Even today, students in rural villages and suburbs have to find their own means of transportation. Second, villagers often lack the money to pay for such transportation. Third, students from the villages are usually naïve and subject to bullying in the city. Furthermore, the story addresses the religious punishment of cutting off a thief’s hand. Such a punishment is carried out in public to warn others against stealing. Ironically, Olyan “finds nothing” in his pocket at the end of the story, himself becoming a victim of the crime. Apparently, the scene did not deter thieves because, perhaps, some people are sick or have no means of income or are not prepared to learn from the warning. In brief, this story depicts the simple life of people at the marketplace and circumstances that may transpire there while exploring a wide—perhaps too wide—array of social issues at the same time. Finally, translation is a medium for communication between cultures, nations, and people. The masses underestimate its significance in our world. It is through translation that people can create an atmosphere of understanding and respect. In that general sense, this contribution may fit. Also, this translation may attract the attention of translators to introduce their cultures to readers of different culture.

scholarly journals Predicate Decomposition, and Linking Syntax and Semantics: A Brazilian Portuguese Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Cançado ◽  
Luisa Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Empirical Point ◽  
Theoretical Proposal

This paper presents a theoretical proposal on the lexical-syntax relationship, related to verbs. In essence, the proposal consists of two tasks: a) to corroborate the idea of lexically representing verbs by means of a semantic predicate decomposition and, more importantly, b) to propose a linking mechanism between such lexical-semantic level and syntax itself. The contribution of this study consists in the form and manner in which the linking occurs. Even though linking theories abound in the literature, and even though in a general sense the approach presented here is not new, there are some relevant details that distinguish it from previous proposals, as it will become clear. Furthermore, from an empirical point of view, there is originality in the description we make of a vast group of verbs from Brazilian Portuguese (BP) that serves as a demonstration of the theoretical proposal.

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