Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia B Goldberg ◽  
Molly Paras
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Tract Infections

Gastrointestinal infections, which present with acute diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, are an extremely common medical complaint, with an annual incidence of 0.6 illnesses per person. Transmission can occur from animals to person, from person to person, or by the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. In the United States, more than 90% of cases are caused by viruses, with norovirus being by far the most common. Common among bacterial causes of acute gastrointestinal infection are Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Clostridium difficile. These infections are typically self-limited, but depending on the etiologic agent and characteristics of the host, antibiotic therapy may be indicated. Certain gastrointestinal infections are associated with significant complications, including reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or septicemia. This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key words: Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, Shiga toxin, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia

Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia B Goldberg ◽  
Molly Paras
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Tract Infections

Gastrointestinal infections, which present with acute diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, are an extremely common medical complaint, with an annual incidence of 0.6 illnesses per person. Transmission can occur from animals to person, from person to person, or by the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. In the United States, more than 90% of cases are caused by viruses, with norovirus being by far the most common. Common among bacterial causes of acute gastrointestinal infection are Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Clostridium difficile. These infections are typically self-limited, but depending on the etiologic agent and characteristics of the host, antibiotic therapy may be indicated. Certain gastrointestinal infections are associated with significant complications, including reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or septicemia. This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key words: Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, Shiga toxin, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia

Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia B Goldberg ◽  
Molly Paras
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Tract Infections

Gastrointestinal infections, which present with acute diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, are an extremely common medical complaint, with an annual incidence of 0.6 illnesses per person. Transmission can occur from animals to person, from person to person, or by the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. In the United States, more than 90% of cases are caused by viruses, with norovirus being by far the most common. Common among bacterial causes of acute gastrointestinal infection are Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Clostridium difficile. These infections are typically self-limited, but depending on the etiologic agent and characteristics of the host, antibiotic therapy may be indicated. Certain gastrointestinal infections are associated with significant complications, including reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or septicemia. This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key words: Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, Shiga toxin, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia

Campylobacter jejuni Infection during Pregnancy: Long-Term Consequences of Associated Bacteremia, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and Reactive Arthritis†

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Normal Infant ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Guillain Barré

Campylobacter jejuni infections are the main cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the United States and other developed countries. Generally, C. jejuni infections are self-limiting and treatment is not necessary; however, infections caused by this organism can lead to potentially dangerous long-term consequences for some individuals. Bacteremia, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS; an acute flaccid paralytic disease), and reactive arthritis (ReA) are the most serious of the long-term consequences of C. jejuni infections. During pregnancy, foodborne infections may be hazardous to both the woman and the fetus. C. jejuni–induced bacteremia during pregnancy may lead to intrauterine infection of the fetus, abortion, stillbirth, or early neonatal death. Infection of a newborn by the mother during the birth process or shortly after birth may lead to neonatal enteritis, bacteremia, and/or meningitis. C. jejuni enteritis is the inducing antecedent infection in approximately 30% of cases of GBS. Thus, pregnant women infected with C. jejuni may contract GBS. GBS during pregnancy does not affect fetal or infant development and does not increase spontaneous abortion or fetal death; however, it may induce spontaneous delivery during the third trimester in severe cases. Reactive arthritis occurs in approximately 2% of C. jejuni enteritis cases and leads to the impaired movement of various joints. Pregnant women with C. jejuni–induced reactive arthritis can be expected to deliver a normal infant. A pregnant patient with GBS or ReA may be unable to care for a newborn infant because of the physical impairment induced by these diseases. Since C. jejuni infections put both fetuses and pregnant women at risk, pregnant women must take special care in food handling and preparation to prevent such infections.

Estimation of the Probability That Guillain-Barre Syndrome was Caused by the Swine Flu Vaccine: US Experience (1976–77)

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Greenstreet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
Guillain Barré

A statistical method was presented for determining the probability that cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) among residents of the United States and Puerto Rico who participated in the 1976–77 swine flu vaccine programme were due to the vaccine. It was determined that the vaccine (A/New Jersey) was the most likely cause of GBS if the onset was within five weeks after vaccination. From the sixth to the tenth week after vaccination, the association was unlikely. After the tenth week, the association between the vaccine and GBS was negative.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome During Pregnancy in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya R Myers ◽  
Natalie L McCarthy ◽  
Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos ◽  
Saad B Omer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Safety Assessments ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Guillain Barré

Abstract Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an adverse event of interest after vaccination, yet few data are available for background rates during pregnancy. We confirmed 2 cases of incident GBS and estimated an incidence of 2.8 confirmed GBS cases per million person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.5–9.3), indicating rare occurrence. Our findings will help inform safety assessments of Zika vaccines in pregnant populations.

scholarly journals Guillain–Barré syndrome: pathophysiology, etiology, causes, and treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmathulla S. Rahman ◽  
Moayyad S. Bauthman ◽  
Amer M. Alanazi ◽  
Naif N. Alsillah ◽  
Ziyad M. Alanazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulins ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a polyradiculoneuropathy autoimmune disease that is characterized by significant inflammation that affects the peripheral nervous system in a rapidly progressive pattern that is mainly clinically presented by muscle weakness. The present literature review aims to broadly discuss GBS: etiology, pathophysiology and management in order to gain an understading of the existing studies that are relevant to this literature review. Among the reported antibodies, anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1B have been reported to be responsible for attacking and damaging either the neuromuscular junctions or peripheral nerves. Moreover, it has been found that the anti-GD1a antibodies in patients bind to the neuromuscular junction and also bind to the nodes of Ranvier of the peripheral nerves and the paranodal myelin of the affected nerves. Reports have shown that this disease is identified as special forms of neuropathies that develop in immune-mediated, post-infection sequelae. Furthermore, in another study it was reported that Molecular mimicry has been previously reported to significantly correlate with the development of the disease as it was investigated in animal models. In addition, Campylobacter jejuni, a pathogen that causes gastrointestinal infections has been previously reported to predispose to the development of GBS in humans. However, scientists have found that plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) remain the most significant and efficacious factors in managing the disease. Nevertheless, recent trials have investigated other approaches that are less efficacious and can lead to serious adverse events and complications. 

Arthritis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and Other Sequelae of Campylobacter jejuni Enteritis†

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Fisher Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

The most frequently identified cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries is Campylobacter jejuni. In the United States, dairy products are the food sources commonly associated with outbreaks; however, most cases of C. jejuni gastroenteritis are sporadic, with poultry as the major source. Diarrhea, malaise, fever, and abdominal pain are the usual symptoms of C. jejuni enteritis. Lasting only a few days, the illness is generally self-limiting; however, some cases may be more severe. Although several virulence factors have been identified in C. jejuni, their role in disease is currently unclear. C. jejuni has been linked to the acquisition of certain forms of sterile arthritides such as reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome and to acute generalized paralytic diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller-Fisher syndrome, and Chinese paralytic syndrome. In addition, C. jejuni may induce diseases affecting the nervous system, circulatory system, and various organs, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Illnesses associated with C. jejuni have been estimated to cost the citizens of the United States several billion dollars annually.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Surveillance in the Brazilian Federal District, using the Capture-Recapture Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1507-1514
Author(s):  
Ana Flavia De Morais Oliveira ◽  
Luciana Guerra Gallo ◽  
Mábia Milhomem Bastos ◽  
Amanda Amaral Abrahão ◽  
Paulo Rufalco-Moutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Guillain Barré

Introduction: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy that compromises the peripheral and cranial nerves. It is characterized by rapid-onset paresthesia accompanied by progressive weakness in the lower extremities followed by symmetric ascending paralysis. Methodology: assessment of sensitivity to detect GBS between March 2017 and May 2019 in a public referral hospital, using the capture-recapture method based on the Chapman estimator and comparing three GBS data sources: the hospital-based sentinel surveillance system (VSBH), Human Immunoglobulin Dispensing Records System (RDIH), and Hospital Information System (SIH). Results: A total of 259 possible cases were identified (captured). Of these, 58 were confirmed and most resided in the Federal District. The VSBH showed the greatest sensitivity in case identification. The temporal distribution of cases showed periods with no cases identified, and more were registered during the rainy season from October to May, when high temperatures also occur. Conclusions: Increased circulation of arboviruses and gastrointestinal infections during the rainy season may explain the greater concentration of GBS cases. It is important to note that one-third of the cases identified in the different data sources do not converge, demonstrating that no single surveillance system is 100% effective. The severity and possible increase in cases related to GBS demonstrates the need for an improved surveillance system capable of monitoring and following-up cases involving neurological syndromes, regardless of the event preceding infection.

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