European Outsourcing and Embassy Islam

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Good Trade

This chapter explores the origins of the privileged status enjoyed by foreign Islamic governments in the first stage (c. 1960–1990) of state–mosque relations in Europe. Several factors help explain why European governments gave them that status. Europeans were interested in a good trade relationship and the even flow of oil, in avoiding the politicization of migrant populations, and above all in orienting the immigrants to eventually go back to their original homelands. A template of temporary migration defined the host governments' demand for religious interlocutors during the first stage, during which they experimented with return-oriented policies and the outsourcing of linguistic, cultural, and religious programs. But this did not constitute a fully developed approach: rather, it reflected the absence of a policy toward the new Muslim minority.

scholarly journals PROSPEK KERJASAMA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA – INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Irma Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Future Prospect ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Good Prospect ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Good Trade

This Research was conducated to see the progress of Trade relationship between Indonesia and India , to see global picture of benefit to do a free trade agreements (FTA) with India, to see future prospect of Indonesian Main export Comodities to India. India was Indonesian good Trade partner, and it was shown by the increase of total Trade and also Trade balance in each year. Simulation by WITS-Smart Programme show that realization of FTA between Indonesia and India will benefit for both countries. Simulation of India’s tariff cut show there are an increase on welfare in India and export in Indonesia. Most of main export Comodities have good prospect to increase with FTA realization. Prospect Indicators are seen by copper growth from the wortlh, and the value of Trade total effect that is created by the realization of FTA.

scholarly journals The Place of Russia in the Economic and Trade Partners of Turkey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
The Future ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Good Trade ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
High Politics

In this study, it is mentioned that export and import figures of turkey and the amount of economic and trade relationship between the countries of Turkey and Russian. The trade between two countries have been analyzed by historical perspective and made comments about the future. As looking from regional, it is the fact that the trade between two greatest power countries in the region is also important in terms of the world’s trade. Cooperation between the two countries not only affects the two countries trade, but also affect the whole region countries. It can be seen that up to this time, time to time the two countries closer to each other, time to time moved away the area due to certain events in the region. When relationship of politics between countries is good, trade volume is high. Politics directly affects economics and trade relationship of countries. In this study, historically, which products is used in trade and how much is the export and import figures between two countries over years.

Settlers or Movers? The Temporality of Past Migrations, Political Inaction and its Consequences, 1945–1985

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozefien De Bock
Keyword(s):  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Temporary Migrants ◽  
Multicultural Policies

Historically, those societies that have the longest tradition in multicultural policies are settler societies. The question of how to deal with temporary migrants has only recently aroused their interest. In Europe, temporary migration programmes have a much longer history. In the period after WWII, a wide range of legal frameworks were set up to import temporary workers, who came to be known as guest workers. In the end, many of these ‘guests’ settled in Europe permanently. Their presence lay at the basis of European multicultural policies. However, when these policies were drafted, the former mobility of guest workers had been forgotten. This chapter will focus on this mobility of initially temporary workers, comparing the period of economic growth 1945-1974 with the years after the 1974 economic crisis. Further, it will look at the kind of policies that were developed towards guest workers in the era before multiculturalism. This way, it shows how their consideration as temporary residents had far-reaching consequences for the immigrants, their descendants and the receiving societies involved. The chapter will finish by suggesting a number of lessons from the past. If the mobility-gap between guest workers and present-day migrants is not as big as generally assumed, then the consequences of previous neglect should serve as a warning for future policy making.

All Animals Are Equal, or Are They? The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s Animal Epistle and its Unhappy End

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarra Tlili
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Privileged Status

The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s animal epistle is an intriguing work. Although in the body of the narrative the authors challenge anthropocentric preconceptions and present nonhuman animals in a more favourable light than human beings, inexplicably, the narrative ends by reconfirming the privileged status of humans. The aim of this paper is to propose an explanation for this discrepancy. I argue that the egalitarian message reflected in the body of the narrative is traceable back to the Qur'an, the main text with which the authors engage in the fable, whereas the final outcome is due to the Ikhwān's hierarchical worldview.

D?r al-?arb as the Motherland? The Muslim Tatars of (the Grand Duchy of) Lithuania and Social Contract

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Egdūnas Račius
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Grand Duchy

Muslim presence in Lithuania, though already addressed from many angles, has not hitherto been approached from either the perspective of the social contract theories or of the compliance with Muslim jurisprudence. The author argues that through choice of non-Muslim Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their adopted Motherland, Muslim Tatars effectively entered into a unique (yet, from the point of Hanafi fiqh, arguably Islamically valid) social contract with the non-Muslim state and society. The article follows the development of this social contract since its inception in the fourteenth century all the way into the nation-state of Lithuania that emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and continues until the present. The epitome of the social contract under investigation is the official granting in 1995 to Muslim Tatars of a status of one of the nine traditional faiths in Lithuania with all the ensuing political, legal and social consequences for both the Muslim minority and the state.

Muslim Commitment in North America

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-244
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Spiritual Guidance ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Institutional Organization ◽  
Original Insight ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
Islamic Society

The purpose of this paper is to examine the curtent debates within theAmerican Muslim community regatding the expression of Muslim religiouscommitment in American life. The size of the community is nowestimated to exceed four million (Stone 1991), and the numlxx of Muslimimmigrants entering the United Stab has more than doubled since 1960.During the same period, the number of American converts to Islam hasalso risen. Both the growth of the Muslim community in mxent yeas, inthe United Stab and worldwide, and the increasing number of Muslimsin "diaspora" as Muslim labor migration continues, which has resulted ina heightened sense of "minority" status among Muslims (Haddad 1991),have raised many crucial questions concerning religious expression:Should Muslims remain marginal to secular power relations in accordancewith the teachings of classical Islam or adopt a strategy of assimilationwhich, in the American context, includes the p d t of claims to equalprotection under civil law? What happens to a religious community, suchas the Muslim community, as it develops the institutional organization itneeds to preserve its identity in a non-Islamic society? Can it still remainopen to the sowe of inspiration and spiritual guidance located in the foldof the Islamic world? Or does the locus of authority shift? Changingcircumstances require adaptation, and yet that adaptation involves the riskof losing the connection to the heatt of the original insight and cultm.Conflicting tesponses to these and related questions raise issues ofself-representation and lifwle. The resulting theological and ideologicaldebates within the Muslim community itself provide and refine variousmodels for Muslim minority life in a non-Islamic envimnment. They alsoillustrate the tension between alienation and integration ...

Comparing Migrant Populations in Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Jiménez ◽  
Jeffrey Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Populations
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