Crossing
This chapter illustrates the contradictory backdrop against which José Martí's supporters constructed the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Together, members of the party worked to ensure that in a literal sense, there was no separation into black and white political clubs, or artisan and professional clubs. Several clubs were composed mainly of white cigar makers, with almost no overlap with the membership of La Liga. In addition, there were the clubs associated with La Liga, led by men of color. The chapter reveals that the movement continued to operate against a backdrop in which racial separation, while not absolute, was a regular feature of Cuban social and now political life. Nevertheless, it seems clear that independent organizing was still necessary to mobilize these diverse constituents and to promote diverse leaders, perhaps especially men of color, to positions on the party's Advisory Councils. The fact that some men of color, elected by their own supporters (ideally, including some white workers), occupied a place of honor each time that the party gathered was crucial to the argument that the movement was both unified in common purpose and sincerely democratic.