scholarly journals FUNCTIONS OF THE ETHNIC LANGUAGE IN THE MARI DIASPORA OF THE MOSCOW REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Марина Васильевна Куцаева
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Family Household ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Russian Language

В статье приводятся результаты социолингвистического обследования, проведенного автором в марийской диаспоре московского региона с целью выявления и описания функционирования этнического языка. Один из аспектов исследования посвящен установлению функций, которые закреплены за этническим языком в условиях диаспорного проживания группы. Несмотря на незначительную степень использования марийского в московском регионе (ввиду повсеместной распространенности и доминирования русского языка) и тяготение к его употреблению в семейно-бытовой, дружеской, иногда — профессиональной сферах общения, марийский язык, тем не менее, выполняет в диаспоре ряд важных функций. В ходе обследования автором были определены следующие функции: коммуникативная, фатическая (контактоустанавливающая), функция тайного языка (используемая в общественном пространстве между носителями марийского языка, а также в семейно-бытовой сфере между некоторыми членами семьи), эмоциональная (на каком языке опрошенным доводится думать, видеть сны, ругаться, шутить), а также сакральная (язык обращения к божественным силам, а также язык религии и религиозных отправлений) и символическая (язык как символ групповой идентификации). В результате обследования было установлено распределение функций марийского языка по поколениям; в отношении набора функций языка у респондентов в выборке был выявлен ряд закономерностей, связанных, с одной стороны, со степенью владения ими марийским языком, с другой стороны, с принадлежностью тому или иному поколению диаспоры. Кроме того, были выделены факторы, препятствующие использованию марийского в той или иной функции. The article presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted by the author in the Mari diaspora of the Moscow region aimed at identifying and describing the functioning of the ethnic language. One of the aspects of the study is devoted to the establishment of the functions, assigned to the ethnic language in the conditions of the diaspora residence of an ethnic group. Despite the insignificant degree of the Mari language use in the Moscow region (due to the ubiquity and dominance of the Russian language there) and its use mainly in family, household, friendly, sometimes professional communications, the Mari language, however, performs several important functions in the diaspora. The survey results revealed the following functions: communicative, phatic (contact-establishing), the function of a secret language (used in a public space between Mari speakers or in the home communication between some family members), emotional (which language the respondents are likely to think, dream, swear, joke in), sacred (the language of appeal to the divine powers, the language of religion and religious practices) and symbolic (language used as a symbol of group identification). As a result of the survey, the distribution of functions of the Mari language by generations was established, as well as some patterns, majorly related to the proficiency levels in the Mari language and the respondents’ belonging to the first or the second diaspora generation. Factors preventing the use of Mari in some functions mentioned above have been equally singled out.

scholarly journals Biz birgemiz, or Revisiting the Diversification of Russian Language in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Eleonora D. Suleimenova ◽  
Dana Kh. Akanova ◽  
Malika M. Aimagambetova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Business Culture ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
The Russian Language

The criteria for pluricentric languages, generalized by the Working Group on NonDominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages (WGNDV), as well as our earlier condition of tightness, opacity, incomprehensibility of Kazakh Russian were used to discuss the possibility of its gradual formation. Two main conclusions were made: a) the Russian language of the post-Soviet space currently meets the criteria for pluricentric languages; b) the Russian language in Kazakhstan is going through rapid and noticeable diversification processes. The arguments of Kazakhstani linguists who assert (B.Kh. Khasanov, E.A. Zhuravleva, D.D. Shaibakova, etc.) or deny (Z.K. Sabitova, A.K. Kazkenova, etc.) the qualifications of the Russian language as variant in Kazakhstan - a country of long-term and massive Kazakh-Russian bilingualism. Generations of Russian speakers (monolinguals - ethnic Russians, Koreans, Ukrainians and others and bilinguals - Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uighurs and others) with a dominant Russian or a dominant ethnic language - are involved in the processes of Soviet Russification and modern Kazakhization with different effects. Nowadays the diversification of the Russian language in Kazakhstan is taking place against the background of a fundamental change in the status and functional state of the Kazakh and Russian languages; reducing the number of native Russian speakers; fundamental changes in Kazakh-Russian bilingualism, reflected in the crisis of the linguistic identity of a part of Kazakhstanis, in a linguistic shift towards the Russian language (Koreans, part of Kazakhs, Ukrainians, small ethnic groups, etc.) and a turn of the linguistic shift of Kazakhs; strengthening the position of the Kazakh language in business, culture, education, mass media, interethnic communication; the changed vector of influence of languages (Kazakh Russian) and the openness of the Russian language for oral and written borrowings, especially in media texts; finally, new communication needs of Kazakhstanis. The long-term linguistic and cultural borderland, which forms the internalized conceptual-mental picture of the world inherent in Kazakhstanis, has become a fundamental factor stimulating the diversification processes of the Russian language in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals ETHNIC-LANGUAGE PROCESSES AMONG THE KUMANDY, TUBALARS AND CHELKANS IN THE 19TH — EARLY 21ST CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-157
Author(s):  
Василий Владимирович Николаев ◽  
Екатерина Викторовна Самушкина
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Collective Farms

Статья посвящена проблеме языковой идентичности кумандинцев, тубаларов и челканцев. В статье будут рассмотрены этноязыковые процессы, определено современное состояние и дана характеристика перспектив развития этноязыковой ситуации у трех коренных малочисленных тюркоязычных народов Алтая. На основе анализа архивных источников (материалов делопроизводственных документов региональной власти, Всероссийской сельскохозяйственной переписи 1917 г.), опубликованных данных переписей, глубинных интервью, результатов соцопроса представлены процессы этнолингвистической трансформации среди коренных малочисленных народов предгорий Северного Алтая. В ходе исследования выявлены факторы, повлиявшие на изменение языковой картины, а также последствия трансформаций для данных этнических групп. Доказано, что на протяжении XIX — начала XXI вв. этноязыковая ситуация у коренного населения предгорий Северного Алтая кардинально изменилась. Сделан вывод о том, что до 30-х гг. XX в. подавляющее большинство населения изучаемого региона говорило на родном языке и не знало русского языка, несмотря на работу Алтайской духовной миссии и широкое расселение переселенцев в регионе. В пределах 10 % от общей численности коренных тюрко-язычных жителей, в основном мужчин, владело русским языком. В раннесоветский период, в том числе, благодаря программам советской власти по формированию сети школ, организации «национальных колхозов» распространение русского языка среди кумандинцев, тубаларов и челканцев сдерживалось. В дальнейшем «национальные» школы и колхозы были закрыты. Русский язык стал доминировать в публичной сфере. Именно поколение родившихся в 20–30-х гг. XX в. становится массово билингвами. Отправной точкой нивелирования миноритарных языков стало разрушение среды, в которой они функционировали, в результате ликвидации неперспективных сел и отрыва от родной языковой среды вследствие миграции молодых людей за пределы этнической территории в 50–70-е гг. XX в. Современное состояние миноритарных языков характеризуется кризисными явлениями; перспективой для них является деятельность общественных организаций. The article is devoted to the problem of linguistic identity of the Kumandy, Tubalars and Chelkans. The article will consider ethnic-language processes, will determine the current position and will char-acterize the future of the ethnic-language situation among the Kumandins, Tubalars and Chelkans. Based on the analysis of archival sources (materials of paperwork of regional authorities, materials of the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1917), published census data, and indepth interviews, results sociological survey the processes of ethnolinguistic transformation among the indigenous peoples of the foothills of Northern Altai are presented. The study identified factors that influenced the change in the linguistic picture, the consequences of the change for these ethnic groups. It is proved that during the XIX — early XXI centuries. The ethnic-language situation of the indigenous population of the foothills of the Northern Altai has changed dramatically. It is concluded that until 1930s the vast majority of the population of the studied region spoke their native language, despite the work of the Altai spiritual mission. Within 10 % of the total number of indigenous Türkic-speaking inhabitants, mainly men, spoke Russian. In the early Soviet period, including thanks to the programs of the Soviet government to form a network of schools and the organization of “national collective farms”, the distribution of the Russian language among the Kumandy, Tubalars and Chelkans was restrained. In the future, “national” schools and collective farms were closed. The Russian language began to dominate in the public sphere. It is the generation born in the 1920–1930s becomes massively bilingual. The starting point for the leveling of minority languages was the destruction of the environment in which they functioned as a result of the liquidation of unpromising villages and separation from their native language environment due to the migration of young people outside the ethnic territory in the 1950–1970s. Currently minority languages are being lost. The number of their carriers is reduced. The Kumandin, Tubalar and Chelkan languages can retain the interest of indigenous people and the activities of public organizations.

scholarly journals Assumptions of mass-media contributors about sources of language norms and rules of language use (based on survey materials)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-527
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Belov ◽  
◽  
Nikolay M. Kropachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
State Control ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Contemporary Standard

The article represents the results of a survey among mass-media contributors (journalists, editors, content-managers) on their assumptions about compulsory requirements to use the national language in mass-media, inter alia — what legal limitations are established for this, which sources are used for the norms of the Russian language, those necessary to follow, and if mass-media contributors are specially trained on these norms in editorials offices. The survey showed that only a quarter of respondents knew about the compulsory rule to follow the norms of contemporary standard (literary) Russian in spheres where the national language (including mass-media) is used, and only 6% knew about the necessity to adhere to the official norms. A comparable number of respondents knew the sources for these norms. This leads to the conclusion that requirements to follow the norms of contemporary standard language established by legislation on national language are not effective. The widespread use of the Internet, primarily the site gramota.ru, articulately indicates the need to update the source of official norms of contemporary standard Russian language for its use as the national language. This source should be electronic and freely accessible, uniting different dictionaries and reference books, in order to provide comprehensive information on the norms for using acertain word in a particular language situation. More than 50% of respondents knew about the existence of mechanisms of state control over compliance with the requirements of language legislation, but they were not familiar with the actual requirements of this legislation. Editorial offices of media organizations do not pay due attention to this question.

scholarly journals Functions of Borrowed Vocabulary in Literary Texts by a Bilingual Author

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Ljudmila P. Dianova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Verbal Creativity ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Cultural Component ◽  
Symbolic Content ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to understanding the functional range of borrowed vocabulary in the Russian-language literary text of a bilingual author. In modern science, there is an opinion that this range is limited to a specific nominative function. Moreover, there is a research position that the fact of borrowing vocabulary from an ethnic language is an indicator of interference, that is, in a broad sense, it indicates an unconscious, often erroneous, inclusion of a foreign language word in a literary text. Based on modern research in the field of literary bilingualism, we refute this thesis and strive to show that the functional load of borrowings in works of verbal creativity is very significant: lexical units with a national-cultural component play an important role in text and plot formation, have conceptual, archetypal, symbolic content, act as significators of onto-linguistic being and perform an aesthetic function.

scholarly journals Bilingualism, pluralinguism expansion and sociolinguistic analysis in Uzbekistan during the years of independence

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Rafiqjon Zaripov Ergashboy ogli
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
World Languages ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Language Influence ◽  
The Russian Language

The bilingualism phenomenon has long existed among people living in the territory of Uzbekistan, including Uzbeks, who are able to speak other languages in addition to their native language. Consequently linguistic and extralinguistic influences between the Arabic and Uzbek languages in Central Asia, in VII and VIII centuries it was formed the bilingualism phenomenon in the country. In the XIV-XV centuries, the Persian-Tajik language use in Central Asia expanded and its potential increased. By the XX century, unification of Central Asia to Russian Union, the Russian language influence on the Uzbek language increased. Uzbek-Russian bilingualism formed in Central Asia in parallel with the Uzbek-Arabic and Uzbek-Tajik bilingualism. By this, not only bilingualism, but also pluralinguism had grown significantly among the Uzbek people. Along with linguistic factors, extralinguistic factors also played an important role in Uzbek-Arabic, Uzbek-Tajik and Uzbek-Russian languages development. Within the independence years, the Uzbek language prestige has grown, its scope has expanded. However, some features aforecited languages are preserved in the Uzbek language structure, and these languages units are used in the lexical layer. Our people desire to learn languages is growing, other developed world languages are being studied, and the situation with multilingualism is growing. Similar aspects will be covered throughout the study.

scholarly journals Endowed Value or Imposed Heritage? Attitudes of Russian-Speaking Lithuanian Citizens towards their Native Language

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ala Lichačiova ◽  
Svetlana Markova
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The Russian Language

So far there has been no detailed research done in Lithuania that would allow to analyze the attitudes of the Russian-speaking citizens towards their native language. In this article, an attempt is made to determine the subtle relation between the Lithuanian citizens of non-Lithuanian nationality and the Russian language which is considered to be native in their families, while they either are Russians or identify themselves as Russians.Certain questions concerning this problem are taken into consideration: do Russian-speaking citizens feel good about using their native language; do they feel affinity to Russia as their symbolic homeland or the mother country of their language; do they want their children to have a good command of Russian and consider it their native language; is their relationship with their native language affected by the manifestation of Russophobia in public discourse and mass media.The data of the sociolinguistic projects Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Lithuanian Cities (2007–2009) and A Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania (2010–2012) focussing on Vilnius, Klaipėda and Visaginas is discussed. These cities have been selected as the ones with the largest Russian-speaking population as compared to other regions of Lithuania.The analysis of in-depth interviews reveals that for the Russian-speaking people in Lithuania the native language remains the only real indicator of their ethnic self-identification. Most of the respondents do not regard Russia as a country close to them in terms of lifestyle and mentality, they do not perceive Russia as a symbolic concept defining their self-identity; it is for them the space of their mother tongue. The respondents claim that they value their mother tongue, see it as emotionally closest and stress the relation between the Russian language and culture as well as the pragmatic value of knowing Russian nowadays. Young respondents declare that they intend to do their best to pass their mother tongue to their future children.However, the intentions of the Russian-speaking people of Lithuania to support the vitality of their native language, which requires more effort than is usual for people living in the environment of a different language. In the Lithuanian media and online comment sections, ethnic and linguistic intolerance towards local people who speak another language is livened up periodically. Therefore Russian-speaking residents of Lithuania need to be psychologically strong in order to resist the pressure of public discourse and to sustain their native language.

scholarly journals Multilingualism at an Early Age: Parents’ Views and Teachers’ Reflections

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Protassova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Education ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Primary Classrooms ◽  
Multilingual Education ◽  
The Russian Language

The questions of superdiversity, multiple identities and practices, language policy, multilingualism, plurilingualism, intercultural, minority and immigrants’ education in the pre-primary and primary classrooms are crucial for the current situation of the Russian language abroad. Teachers have to take into account linguistic and artistic resources and deploy special methodological repertoires. The aim of the present research is to show what main themes the parents and teachers of young multi-lingual children discuss and how to overcome difficulties in organizing multilingual education. Parents and teachers in four countries (Finland, France, Germany, Russia) answered the questionnaires about their attitudes towards bi-lingual education of pre-primary and primary children. In addition, the Internet discussions on the international platforms in the Russian language were analyzed. Participants characterized their experience, their family policy and the educational institutions that their children attend. Existing practices show that the variety of approaches to early bilingual education is limited through material and human resources and the children’s potential. The best results demand more input, devoted parents and educators, more money, strict rules of language use, and a true continuity of bilingualism as a goal in all steps of child development. The different effects of various approaches to education may lie, not only in the language itself, but also in its political and economic power and the cognitive effects of an early start.

scholarly journals Katoikonyms in the Texts of Volgograd Regional Newspapers Issued in 1985: Peculiarities of Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kirillova
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Regional Newspapers ◽  
Local Media ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the issues of structural, sematic and functional organization of regional katoikonymicon. Varieties of residents nominations are studied in the texts of local newspapers dated by the beginning of perestroika in the USSR. Having studied word-formation and local katoikonymic paradigms in local media of Bykovsky and Kalachevsky districts of Volgograd region, the author identifies the suffixes that dominate in formation of local dwellers names, distinguishes derivational variability of katoikonyms. The article describes some regularities in composing residents nominations grammar forms, which are implemented in the regional katoikonymicon and are naturally typical of the Russian language. Some occasional instances of katoikonyms coming into the general language use are stated and interpreted. By means of contextual analysis some meanings of the studied nominations are identified and formulated. The comparison of empirical data and materials of the lexicographic sources, published in the near chronological periods, is carried out. The list of meanings assigned to the nominations of Kalachevsky and Bykovsky districts dwellers of Volgograd region is katoikonymy is specified and systematized as belonging to the Russian katoikonymicon. The paper contains quantitative data, which reflect similarities and differences in the use of katoikonyms in each of the considered media. The identified peculiarities belong to different levels of the language.

scholarly journals ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN CULTURAL STUDENTS TO THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

PRIMO ASPECTU ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Timchenko ◽  
Yulia Y. Kochetova ◽  
Svetlata V. Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Medical University ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the problem of adaptation of foreign students studying at a medical university. The growth of integration processes in the educational system requires an understanding of the peculiarities of the adaptation process that accompanies young people who have arrived in Russia for higher education. The speed of adaptation to new conditions depends on many factors, and the proximity of cultures or awareness of its features, as well as knowledge of the language of the host country, is of no small importance. To study the peculiarities of adaptation of foreign students in Russia who arrived for medical education, we interviewed two groups of students, a total of 144 people, who arrived from near and far abroad. As a result of comparing the survey results, we found that a significant cultural distance and lack of knowledge of the Russian language delay the process of adaptation of a group of students from far abroad. Based on the results obtained, we have proposed ways to mitigate the adaptation process of foreign students.

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