scholarly journals COGONGRASS ROOT EXTRACT FROM FIVE DIFFERENT SOILS TYPES FOR SUPPRESSING PURPLE BLOTCH AND INCREASING GROWTH AND YIELD OF SHALLOTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Rokhlani Rokhlani ◽  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Subandi Nur ◽  
Nur Prihatiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Soils ◽  
Plot Design

Cogongrass root extract from five different soils types for suppressing purple blotch and increasing growth and yield of shallots. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) root extracts from five different soil types (Typic Udipsamments, Aeric Endoaqualfs (=Gleisal Eutrik), Typic Quartzipsamments (=Regosol Eutrik), Aquertic Chromic Hapludalfs, and Pachic Hapludolls) in suppressing purple blotch and increasing growth and yield of shallots. Split plot design was used with 13 treatments repeated three times, and 18 plants plot-1. The treatments consisted of control, fungicide propineb applied before and after inoculation, and five types of cogongrass root extract 50, 60, and 70% concentration applied before and after inoculation. Results showed that cogongrass root extract collected from Pachic Hapludolls which was applied before inoculation had significant effect on the highest pathosystem component indicated by delaying the incubation period, suppressing the intensity of the disease, slowing down the infection rate, and decreasing values of AUDPC as 41.85, 69.87, 75.13, and 67.63%, respectively, compared to control. The cogongrass root extract from Pachic Hapludolls applied before inoculation could increase plant fresh and dry weight plant-1, tuber weight plant-1, plant fresh and dry weight plot-1, and tuber dry weight plot-1 as 42.7, 49.6, 51.92, 66.75, 72.29, and 73.53%, respectively, compared to control.

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) SERTA PUPUK NITROGEN DAN FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI JABON (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) Effectiveness of Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilizer toward Jabon ........

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Fransisca Yosina Regina Luturmas ◽  
Sri Wilarso Budi R. ◽  
Irdika Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Fast Growing Species ◽  
Glomus Sp ◽  
Plot Design

Jabon (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) is one of fast-growing species with high economical value, and well adapted on some of soil types. The aims of this research were to analyze the effectiveness of AMF species isolated from Samama (Anthocephallus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) and to determine the favorable dose of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer for Jabon growth. The research was conducted CRD-split plot design main plot was Acaulospora sp.1 (M1), Glomus sp.1 (M2), Acaulospora sp.2 (M3), Acaulospora sp.3 (M4), Glomus sp.2 (M5). While the fertilizer as the sub-plot, consist of control (P0), urea 0.5g+rockphosphat 2g (P1), urea 1g+rockphosphat 4g (P2). The result showed that AMF and fertilizer applications effectively improved Jabon grown, especially in height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight. The interaction (M4P1) increased plant height 154.73%, diameter 75.38% and shoot dry weight 376.09% compared with control. P1 treatment was better for growth of Jabon that was inoculated by mycorrhiza. Acaulospora sp.1 (M1) originally from Samama without fertilizer had the best effectiveness for Jabon growth.Key words: Acaulospora, indigenous

scholarly journals Shallot Growth and Yields Based on Ammonium:Nitrate Ratio on Coastal Sandy Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 064
Author(s):  
Wiji Safitri ◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Benito Heru Purwanto ◽  
Stephen Harper
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plot Design

Nitrogen was a key component for increasing yield and quality of vegetables like shallots. The growth and development of plants were influenced by nitrogen form. Common plants preferred nitrate for growth, but the enormity preference varies within plant species and other environmental factors. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio in sandy soil to growth and yield of shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group). The experiment had been conducted in August-October 2015 in the sandy land on Samas Beach, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research was arranged in a Split-Plot design. The main plot was the source of nitrogen (NH4+; NO3-; NH4+: NO3- 1:1; NH4+: NO3- 1:2; and NH4+: NO3- 2:1) and the subplot was cultivars (Crok Kuning, Tiron, and Bima Brebes). Each subplot covered an area of 2.5 m² (2.5 m x 1 m) with three blocks as replications. Shallot bulbs were planted in sixth-row, spacing 20 cm between rows and 15 cm within rows. The dose was applied according to the recommendation of BPTP (urea 200 kg ha-1, ZA 250 kg ha-1, SP-36 150 kg ha-1, and KCl 150 kg ha-1) 144.5 kg N ha-1. Ammonium:nitrate ratio influenced shallot growth in sandy soil through number of leaves at maximum vegetative phase and its leaf area. The NH4+: NO3- 1:2 ratio gave the best result in dry weight of leaves following bulb dry weight than other ratio. Nevertheless, ammonium:nitrate ratio had no significant influence on bulb dry weight (ton ha-1).

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF SAFFRON GROWTH ON DIFFERENT SOILS UNDER HOMOGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Kader EL HAJJ ◽  
Soha OLEIK ◽  
Oxana BAGHDADI ◽  
Nour TAHA ◽  
Vera TALJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Different Soils

Soil is the major factor determining saffron yield. Although saffron tolerates different soil types, some soils with specific characteristics perform better than others. This work was conducted to evaluate the performance of saffron crop on different soil types under homogeneous environmental conditions. Four soil types sampled from different regions were tested: Rendzic Leptosols, Anthropic Regosols, Hypercalcaric Fluvisol and Eutric Cambisols. Soil samples were put in large plastic pots (radius=0.27 m, height=0.44 m) and organized in complete block design with four replicates. Combined analysis for four years revealed significant differences between soil types regarding most yield parameters. Saffron corms performed better on calcareous clayey Rendzic Leptosols soil with respect to plant height(PL), flowers per plot, flowers per corm cluster, total stigmas fresh and dry weights, fresh and dry weight of single stigmas and total number of corms. Corms grown on Hypercalcaric Fluvisol soil produced the largest content of Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal. A regression analysis was used to evaluate the performance of soil types on the number of flowers per mother corm through four years of the study. In this regard, a positive significant higher slope was obtained for Rendzic Leptosols (y = 4.23x - 8514.3, R²= 0.69, p.0001). Quantitative yield attributes such number of flowers per corm cluster was significantly correlated with organic matter t (r = .60, p=.016) and calcium (r =.52,p.041) contents. Correlation analysis showed that the soil parameters most attributed to the saffron yield were organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. For soils with limiting factors (Eutric cambisols and anthropic regosols) further studies should focus on improving their performance under saffron crop.

Utilization of Industrial Waste Pulp And Palm Oil on Growth and Results of Corn (Zea mays L) On Peat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
mulono apriyanto bin sugeng rijanto
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plot Design

This study aims to determine the merits of various industrial waste pulp and palm oil as well as getting the most appropriate formulation on growth and yield of maize varieties Earth-3 and NK-212 in peatlands. Research using split plot design using the design of completely randomized design (CRD) and each treatment was repeated 3 times. Varieties as the main plot consists of: (V1): Varieties of Earth-3, (V2): Varieties of NK-212. Treatment subplot, consisting of six formulations ameliorant, namely: F1 (60% OPEF + 20% GPB + 10% Dregs + 10% Fly ash), F2(60% OPEF + 10% GPB + 20% Dregs + 10% Fly ash ), F3(60% OPEF + 10% GPB + 10% Dregs + 20% Fly ash), F4(40% OPEF + 30% GPB + 10% Dregs + 20% Fly ash), F5(40% OPEF + 20% GPB + 30% Dregs + 10% Fly ash) and F6(40% OPEF + 10% GPB + 20% Dregs + 30% Fly ash). The data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by HSD test at 5% level.The results showed that various formulations of industrial waste pulp and palm oil gave similar results to the root dry weight, dry weight of straw, hay root ratio, the diameter of the cob, corncob berkelobot, corncob without the husk and dry seed weight. It can be seen from the cob generated a large and long and close cob husk well (± 98%), beans straight line with a number of seed rows 15-16 rows, as well as a uniform crop diversity, is in conformity with the description.

scholarly journals Growth Performance of Lentil by the Effect of Irrigation and Boron Splitting Asfoliar Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
S Paul ◽  
TS Roy ◽  
R Chakraborty ◽  
M Roy ◽  
SC Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Number Of Branches ◽  
Plot Design ◽  
Plant Length

A field experiment was conducted for evaluating the effect of irrigation and boron splitting as foliar spray on growth and yield of lentil at the Research Field of the Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from November, 2018 to March, 2019.Three levels of irrigation viz., I0: control, I1: one irrigation at 25 days after sowing (DAS), I2: two irrigations at 25 DAS and 40 DAS and boron was applied by four levels viz., B0: control, B1: 80% recommended dose as basal + rest 20% as foliar spray (FS) at pre-flowering (PF), B2: 60% RD as basal + rest 40% as FS at PF, B3: 40% RD as basal + rest 60% as FS at PF. The experiment was fully set up in a split-plot design with three replications. Two irrigations at 25 and 40 DAS result produced that the highest plant length, branches plant-1, leaves plant-1, dry weight plant-1. On the other hand, B3 (40% RD as basal + rest 60% as FS at PF) produced significantly the highest growth of lentil. Result also showed that the highest plant length (27.59 cm), number of branches (5.73) and plant dry matter (4.83 g) recorded from I2B3 combinations. Therefore, the combination of two irrigations at 25 and 40 DAS and boron at 40% RD as basal + rest 60% as foliar spray at pre-flowering might be considered as effective dose for the cultivation of lentil in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(2): 139-150

scholarly journals PERTUMBUHAN DAN DAYA HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascolanicum L.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK KALIUM DAN PUPUK KANDANG AYAM PADA UKURAN BIBIT YANG BERBEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Armaini Armaini ◽  
Tri Hardianti ◽  
Irfandri Irfandri
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tuber Fresh Weight ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Plot Design

Shallot productivity can be increased by taking into account the right fertilizer factor and the potential of the seeds used. The study of potassium and manure dosages and seed size were carried out to get the best treatment in increasing growth and yield. The study was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, from February to April 2019, using a divided plot design. The main plot is the difference in seed size (> 5.0 - 7.5 and 2.5 - 5.0) g, subplots of doses of manure (0, 15, 30) ton.ha-1 and children of subplots (0 , 200, 400) kg.ha-1. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, age of harvest, number of tubers per clump, diameter of tuber, tuber fresh weight and tuber dry weight, further tests used BNJ level of 5%. The results showed that the highest dry weight of tubers was obtained in the treatment of large seedlings (> 5.0 - 7.5 g) which were given 30 tons. ha-1 of manure and 400 kg.ha-1 of KCl, with an achievement of 4.1 tons.ha-1.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Pokem (Pennisetum americanum L.) pada Berbagai Tingkat Dosis Pupuk Kotoran Ayam

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelce Baransano ◽  
Saraswati Prabawardani ◽  
Florentina H. Listyorini
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Pennisetum Americanum ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Number ◽  
Plot Design

<em>Pokem (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pennisetum</span>�<span style="text-decoration: underline;">americanum</span><strong> </strong></em>L<strong>.<em>) </em></strong><em>is</em><em> a crop that has high content of carbohydrate. It grows widely at Numfor Biak of Papua. This crop could be an alternative staple food in order to enhance food security through food diversification program. The objective of the research was to examine the influence of chicken manure on the growth and yield of pokem. The research was done at Kebun Percobaan Fapertek UNIPA Manokwari for three months from October to December 2009. It used random plot design with four level treatments of chicken manure dose; they are 0 g/crop (N1), 250 g/crop, 375 g/crop (N2) and 500 g/crop (N3). The result showed that application of chicken manure had a significant influence on the growth and yield of pokem. Plant height, shoot dry weight, number of seedling, and grains weight were high under pokem that had manure fertilizer compared to unfertilizer crop. Chicken manure could increase grains yield. The higher yield were found at N3 treatment (500 g/crop), yet it had not a significant difference with N1 and N2 treatments. It suggested to use 250 g/crop dose of chiken manure, as it was more cost-effective.</em>

In vitro assessment of the effects of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus leaf and root extracts on the viability of Globodera pallida encysted eggs

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno M. Ngala ◽  
Simon R. Woods ◽  
Matthew A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Freeze Dried

The biofumigation potential of leaf and root extracts of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus on Globodera pallida were assessed in vitro. In an efficacy study, G. pallida encysted eggs were exposed to six different concentrations of freeze-dried leaf or root extracts for 96 h and assessed for viability using hatching assays in 6-week-old potato root leachates (PRL). For B. juncea extracts an LC50 value of 0.027 mg ml−1 w/v was determined. The LC50 of Raphanus sativus root extracts was 0.032 mg ml−1, whereas leaf extracts were effective only at higher concentrations (⩾0.50 mg ml−1; w/v) and to a lesser extent. Hatching of G. pallida was enhanced in PRL following exposure to lower concentrations (0.063 mg ml−1) of R. sativus leaf extract. An analysis of the types and concentrations of glucosinolate (GSL) present in the freeze-dried tissues revealed that B. juncea leaf tissue was rich in 2-propenyl GSL (≈98%). Root tissue also had a high concentration of 2-propenyl GSL, but the leaf extracts were found to have a higher concentration (⩾90 μmol (g dry weight)−1) when compared with the root extract (⩾10 μmol (g dry weight)−1). Raphanus sativus had two-fold more root GSL, predominantly 2-phenylethyl GSL (⩾50 μmol (g dry weight)−1), when compared with the leaf tissue which was dominated by 4-methylsulfinylbutyl GSL (⩾20 μmol (g dry weight)−1). In summary, the strong suppression of G. pallida encysted eggs exhibited by lower concentrations of B. juncea extracts shows the potential of this species in G. pallida management if effectively incorporated into an integrated potato cyst nematode management scheme. In comparison with B. juncea, the biofumigation potential of R. sativus can be improved by maximising its root biomass production.

scholarly journals Performance of Prilled Urea and Urea Super Granules on the Growth and Yield of Wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
L Nahar ◽  
MH Ali ◽  
SM Masum ◽  
MM Mahbub ◽  
SR Haque
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Plot Design

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during the period from November 2011 to March 2012 to evaluate the performance of prilled urea and urea super granules (USG) on the growth and yield of wheat varieties. The experiment comprised of four wheat varieties viz., BARI Gom 21, BARI Gom 24, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26, and five nitrogen (N) levels viz., control (no Nitrogen), 84 kg ha-1 N from USG, and 30, 50 and 70 kg N ha-1 from prilled urea i.e., 67, 112 and 155 kg urea ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications where wheat varieties were placed in the main plot and nitrogenous fertilizers in sub-plots. Experimental results indicated that different varieties had the significant effect on plant height, number of tillers and dry weight plant-1, and number of grains spike-1, grain and straw yield, and harvest index. The variety BARI Gom 24 produced the highest grain yield (2.49 t ha-1) that mainly attributed by the maximum number of spikes plant-1, number of grains spike-1 and 1000-grain weight. Among the different nitrogenous fertilizers 84 kg N ha-1 from USG (1.8 g) gave the highest grain yield (2.69 t ha-1) due to the maximum number of spikes plant-1, maximum number of grains spike-1 and 1000-grain weight. The variety BARI Gom 24 produced the highest grain yield (2.80 t ha-1) with 80 kg N ha-1 from USG application.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(1): 37-48

scholarly journals PENAMBAHAN KLORIDA DAN BAHAN ORGANIK PADA BEBERAPA JENIS TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
A. KASNO ◽  
DEDI SOLEH EFFENDI
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plot Design

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) berkembang pesat di Indonesia<br />dan  penggunaan  pupuk  meningkat.  Pada  awalnya  pupuk  KCl<br />memperhitungkan hara K, namun diketahui hara Cl juga merupakan hara<br />mikro esensial. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari penambahan Cl dan<br />bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan kadar Cl dalam tanaman dan<br />akar kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Balai Penelitian<br />Tanah, Bogor, tahun 2011. Contoh tanah diambil dari Cinangneng, Bogor<br />(Inceptisols), Cigudeg, Bogor (Oxisols), Kentrong, Lebak (Ultisols), dan<br />Sumatera Selatan (Gambut). Bibit kelapa sawit varietas Avros umur tiga<br />bulan ditanam dalam polibag dan dipanen setelah berumur 8 bulan.<br />Percobaan menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah, dengan petak utama<br />empat jenis tanah, dan empat anak petak, yaitu (1) Kontrol (-Cl), (2) KCl,<br />(3) NPK, dan (4) KCl + bahan organik. Setiap perlakuan diulang 4 kali.<br />Parameter yang diamati tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, bobot kering<br />tanaman dan akar, analisis Cl dalam tanah, daun, dan akar. Hasil penelitian<br />menunjukkan bahwa pemberian Cl menurunkan pertumbuhan bibit kelapa<br />sawit pada Oxisols, namun meningkatkan pada Inceptisols, Ultisols, dan<br />Gambut. Pemberian bahan jenis organik nyata meningkatkan pertumbuhan<br />kelapa sawit pada ke empat tanah. Pemberian hara Cl tidak meningkatkan<br />bobot kering tanaman kelapa sawit pada Inceptisols, Oxisols, dan Gambut,<br />namun meningkatkan bobot kering tanaman pada Ultisols. Pemberian hara<br />Cl meningkatkan bobot kering akar tanaman kelapa sawit pada ke empat<br />jenis tanah, namun meningkatkan kadar Cl dalam akar kelapa sawit,<br />sedangkan pemberian hara Cl tidak meningkatkan kadar Cl dalam daun,<br />kecuali pada Oxisols. Pemberian bahan organik menurunkan kadar Cl<br />dalam daun pada Ultisols dan tanah Gambut.<br />Kata kunci: bahan organik, Elaeis guineensis, jenis tanah, klorida,<br />pertumbuhan</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) was growing rapidly in Indonesia<br />and fertilizers use increased. Initially KCl were calculated as K nutrient,<br />but it is known that Cl is also an essential micronutrients. The research<br />aimed at studying the Cl and organic matter application on growth and Cl<br />content in plants and roots of oil palm. The study was conducted in the<br />greenhouse of Soil Research Institute, Bogor, in 2011. Soil samples were<br />taken from Cinangneng, Bogor (Inceptisols), Cigudeg, Bogor (Oxisols),<br />Kentrong, Lebak (Ultisols) and South Sumatra (Peat). AVROS varieties of<br />oil palm seedlings used 3 months being planted in polybags and harvested<br />after 8 months. The experiment design used was split plot design, with<br />four soil types as main plot, and four sub plots e.i. (1) Control (-Cl), (2)<br />KCl, (3) NPK, and (4) KCl + organic matter. Every treatment repeated<br />four times. Parameters observed are plant height, stem diameter, plant and<br />root dry weight and Cl analysis in soil, leaves, and roots. The result<br />showed that Cl application decreasing oil palm growth in Oxisols. Organic<br />matter application siqnificant increase of oil palm growth on the fourth<br />soil. The application of Cl nutrient did not increase the dry weight of plant<br />in Inceptisols, Oxisols, and Peat soil, but increased the dry weight of plants<br />on Ultisols. The application of Cl did not increase root dry weight in the<br />four soils, but increased Cl content in the roots in the four soil. While the<br />application of Cl did not increase of Cl content in leaves, except in<br />Oxisols. Organic matter application can reduce the content of Cl in the<br />leaves on the Ultisols and Peat soil.<br />Key words: organic matter, Elaeis guineensis, soil type, chloride, growth</p>

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