MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE OF COCONUT SAP IN THE VACUUM EVAPORATOR

The potential of brown sugar as a substitute for granulated sugar is enormous considering the abundant coconut sap production. However, the quantity of brown sugar production through the traditional method is one of the main obstacles. This study used a vacuum evaporator that emphasizes the hygienic and effective mass production of brown sugar. For this reason, it is necessary to approach changes in the physical properties of sap juice during the cooking process. This knowledge is indispensable in the cooking process, which involves the proper evaporation and crystallization of brown sugar. This research is devoted to determining the viscosity, density, and dissolved solids expressed in Brix and proposes a mathematical model to predict the physical properties during the evaporation process of brown sugar as a function of the initial concentration the solution before proceeding to the crystallization process. Results confirm that the prediction model for Brix is Cθ=(Co–Ce)·exp(0.0067·t)+Ce, the model for viscosity µθ=µo·exp(0.011·t), and ρө=(0.44996·t)+ρ0 for the density prediction model. The resulted mathematical model can accurately predict the rate of change in coconut sap's physical properties, indicated by the high coefficient of determination (R2). Keywords : brix, brown sugar, density, vacuum evaporator, viscosity

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Comparison of soil physical properties and soil-vegetation indices to predict rice productivity in Malang Regency of East Java

Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management ◽

10.15243/jdmlm.2021.084.2891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 2891-2901

Author(s):

Aditya Nugraha Putra ◽

S Sudarto ◽

Ananda Ginanthian Alpheratz Ridwan ◽

Aftomi Firman Aditama ◽

Sifa’ul Janahtin

Keyword(s):

Prediction Model ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Soil Physical Properties ◽

Rice Production ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Total Production ◽

Rice Productivity ◽

Top Soil

Rice has become the leading food commodity in Indonesia, with total production reached +54.60 million tons in 2019. However, the production tended to decrease by around 8% from 2018 to 2019, while the rice consumption increased by +1.53 tons. This study aims to develop a rice production estimation model using the soil-vegetation index transformation (MSAVI and SAVI) and soil physical properties, which has the advantage of being faster, cheaper, and more accurate than conventional methods. The soil physical properties were taken based on soil mapping units and analyzed with soil physical parameters. The results showed strong relationships between rice productivity - soil physical characteristics and rice productivity – MSAVI and EVI with r values of 0.97, 0.83, and 0.74, respectively. The soil physical properties have a better coefficient of determination and accuracy than soil-vegetation index. The prediction model of rice production by soil physical properties is formulated inward γ = -8.96+0.01 (Top Soil Sand) + 0.01 (Top Soil Silt) + 6.28 (Bulk Density) - 14.07 (Penetration) - 0.13 (Sub Soil Permeability). There is no difference in the productivity value between model and laboratory analysis result. These results indicate that the rice yield prediction model can be used for estimation purposes.

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Predicting Ink Transfer Rate of 3D Additive Printing Using EGBO Optimized Least Squares Support Vector Machine Model

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/8642430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Shengpu Li ◽

Yize Sun

Keyword(s):

Support Vector Machine ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Least Squares ◽

Transfer Rate ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Support Vector ◽

Experimental Sample ◽

Machine Model ◽

Ink Transfer

Ink transfer rate (ITR) is a reference index to measure the quality of 3D additive printing. In this study, an ink transfer rate prediction model is proposed by applying the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM). In addition, enhanced garden balsam optimization (EGBO) is used for selection and optimization of hyperparameters that are embedded in the LSSVM model. 102 sets of experimental sample data have been collected from the production line to train and test the hybrid prediction model. Experimental results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) for the introduced model is equal to 0.8476, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is 6.6 × 10 (−3), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 1.6502 × 10 (−3) for the ink transfer rate of 3D additive printing.

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Lumped Parameter Modeling of a Magnetorheological Fluid Clutch

Dynamic Systems and Control, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/imece2006-13225 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

John C. Ulicny ◽

Daniel J. Klingenberg ◽

Anthony L. Smith ◽

Zongxuan Sun

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Magnetorheological Fluid ◽

Input Current ◽

Fluid Composition ◽

Fluid Temperature ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Lumped Parameter ◽

Lumped Parameter Modeling ◽

Fan Speed

A lumped-parameter mathematical model of an automotive magnetorheological (MR) fluid fan clutch was developed. This model is able to describe the average fluid temperature, average clutch temperature, and output fan speed as a function of time, input current, and fluid composition. The model also reproduces numerous features of fan operation observed experimentally and revealed a mechanism for some observed cases of hysteresis. However, it fails to capture certain other features which lead us to conclude that phenomena which are not included in the model, e.g., sedimentation and re-suspension, are important to the clutch behavior. In addition, the results indicate that certain physical properties need to be measured over a larger temperature range in order for the model to better predict the clutch behavior.

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Pembuatan Gula Semut dari Gula Merah Kelapa di Kabupaten Bulukumba

DEDIKASI ◽

10.26858/dedikasi.v21i1.9448 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Diana Eka Pratiwi ◽

Army Auliah ◽

Maryono Maryono

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Economic Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Selling Price ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Brown Sugar ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Palm Sugar

Herlang Subdistrict is the largest producer of coconut juice (along with Selayar Regency and JenepontoRegency) which is the raw material for coconut sugar production in South Sulawesi. Tugondeng Village is one ofthe villages in Herlang District. About 80% of Tugondeng villagers work in the coconut sugar manufacturingindustry. However, this potential has not well developed due to the low economic value of brown sugar. To increasethe selling price of coconut sugar produced by Tugondeng Village, efforts need to be made to process coconut sapand coconut sugar into products which have higher selling price, namely palm sugar. The steps taken to achieve theobjectives of this activity were : (a) presentation of material on how to process coconut sap and coconut sugar intopalm sugar; and (b) demonstration of preparing palm sugar from coconut sap and coconut sugar. The resultsobtained show that the process of making palm sugar from coconut sap and coconut sugar is quite simple and thepalm sugar produced has longer shelf-life than coconut sugar

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Comparison of various multivariate models to estimate structural properties by means of non-destructive techniques (NDTs) in Pinus sylvestris L. timber

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2018-0103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 331-338

Author(s):

Antonio Villasante ◽

Guillermo Íñiguez-González ◽

Lluis Puigdomenech

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Linear Models ◽

Longitudinal Vibration ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Pullout Resistance ◽

Density Prediction ◽

Learning Software ◽

Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽

Non Destructive

AbstractThe predictability of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of 120 samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) were investigated using various non-destructive variables (such as time of flight of stress wave, natural frequency of longitudinal vibration, penetration depth, pullout resistance, visual grading and concentrated knot diameter ratio), and based on multivariate algorithms, applying WEKA as machine learning software. The algorithms used were: multivariate linear regression (MLR), Gaussian, Lazy, artificial neural network (ANN), Rules and decision Tree. The models were quantified based on the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). To avoid model overfitting, the modeling was built and the results validated via the so-called 10-fold cross-validation. MLR with the “greedy method” for variable selection based on the Akaike information metric (MLRak) significantly reduced the RMSE of MOR and MOE compared to univariate linear regressions (ULR). However, this reduction was not significant for density prediction. The predictability of MLRak was not improved by any other of the tested algorithms. Specifically, non-linear models, such as multilayer perceptron, did not contribute any significant improvements over linear models. Finally, MLRak models were simplified by discarding the variables that produce the lowest RMSE increment. The resulted models could be even further simplified without significant RMSE increment.

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Temperature Prediction Model for Molten Steel in RH Refining Process

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.22 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 712-715 ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tia Xia ◽

Zhu He

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Molten Steel ◽

Initial Temperature ◽

Refining Process ◽

Temperature Prediction ◽

Steel Temperature ◽

Molten Steel Temperature

A mathematical model for the RH refining process was developed and validated by the measured molten steel temperature in situ. It is showed that the model predicted temperature matched the measured value well and the average errors within ±5°C were 86.9%. The model results also showed that for every increase of 100°C of the initial temperature of the chamber inwall , the average molten steel temperature increased by about 8°C. For every blowing extra 50m3 oxygen, the steel temperature increased by about 7°C.

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Analysis of rain fade slope for terrestrial links

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp896-902 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 896

Author(s):

Jalel Chebil ◽

Al-Hareth Zyoud ◽

Mohamed Hadi Habaebi ◽

Islam Md. Rafiqul ◽

Hassan Dao

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Rain Attenuation ◽

Measured Data ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Tropical Regions

Rainfall can cause severe degradation to the operation of microwave links working with frequencies above 10 GHz. Many studies have investigated this problem, and one of the factors that attract the attention of researcher is rain fade slope which is the rate of change of rain attenuation. The focus of this study is on rain fade slope for terrestrial links and it is based on measurement conducted in Malaysia. This paper investigates the characteristics of the measured rain fade slope distribution for various attenuation levels. Then, the ITU-R model for rain fade slope is compared with the corresponding statistics obtained from the measured data. Significant discrepancies have been observed since the ITU-R prediction model does not fit the measured fade slope distribution for many attenuation levels. It is recommended to modify the expression of the standard deviation in the ITU-R model when implemented in tropical regions.

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Pengaruh Gambut Terbakar Terhadap Beberapa Sifat Fisika Gambut di Kecamatan Tripa Makmur

Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian ◽

10.17969/jimfp.v4i2.10970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 416-425

Author(s):

Teuku Muhammad Afrizal ◽

Hairul Basri ◽

Muhammad Rusli Alibasyah

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

The Other ◽

Volume Weight ◽

Top Soil ◽

Significant Difference

Abstrak. Gambut mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi. Gambut yang didrainase rentan terhadap kebakaran. Pemanfaatan gambut di Aceh sangat luas. Umumnya, gambut sering dibakar agar dapat dengan cepat dimanfaatkan., khususnya di Kecamatan Tripa Makmur Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat seberapa jauh tingkat perubahan sifat fisika gambut terbakar Rawa Tripa Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata berat volume tertinggi terdapat pada sampel T1 (top soil) yaitu 0,36 g cm-3 dan terendah pada T0 (sub soil) yaitu 0,17 g cm-3. Kadar air tertinggi terdapat pada sampel T0 (sub soil) yaitu 234,82% dan terendah pada T1 (top soil) yaitu 81,96%. Porositas tertinggi terdapat pada sampel gambut T0 (sub soil) yaitu 94,93% dan terendah pada T1 (top soil) yaitu 65,28%. Permeabilitas tertinggi terdapat pada T0 (sub soil) yaitu 33,80 cm/jam dan terendah pada T1 (top soil) yaitu 16,10 cm/jam. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada parameter berat volume dengan t hitung (3,482) t tabel (1, 943), sedangkan pada parameter lainnya tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Tingkat kematangan gambut di kawasan Tripa Makmur adalah hemik. Kedalaman gambut sebesar 3 meter. Subsiden tertinggi adalah 100 cm pada gambut terbakar di tahun 2015. Warna gambut adalah coklat kehitaman. The Effect of Burning Peat on Some of The Physical Porperties of Peat Soil in The Tripa Makmur Sub DistrictAbstract. Peat contains high organic matter. Drained peat is susceptible to fire. The use of peat in Aceh is very broad. Peat is often burned so that it can be quickly utilized especially in Tripa makmur Sub Districk, Nagan Raya Districk. This study aims to see how far the rate of change in the physical properties of peat is burning Rawa Tripa in Nagan Raya District. The results showed that the highest average of volume weight was found in T1(top soil) 0,36 g cm-3 and the lowest in T0(sub soil) 0,17 g cm-3. The highest water content was found inT0(sub soil) 234,82% and the lowest was on T1(top soil) 81,96%. The highest porosity was found T0(sub soil) 94,93% and the lowest in T1(top soil) 65,28%. The highest permeability is found in T0(sub soil) 33,80 cm/hour and the lowest is on T1(top soil) 16,10 cm/hour. The results of statistical tests show that there is a significant difference in the parameters of volume weight with t count 3,482 t table 1,943, while in the other parameters have no significant differences. The level of maturity in the Tripa Makmur area is hemik. Peat depth of 3 meters. The highest subsidance is 100 cm on burning peat in 2015. The color of this peat is blackish brown.

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Estimate of mean tissue O2 consumption at onset of exercise in males

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1578 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 1578-1585 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. D. Inman ◽

R. L. Hughson ◽

K. H. Weisiger ◽

G. D. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Time Delay ◽

Impedance Cardiography ◽

Work Rate ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

O2 Consumption ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Mean Response Time ◽

The Mean

A mathematical model has been developed that permitted the calculation of the flow-weighted mean tissue O2 consumption (VO2T) at the onset of a step increase in work rate. From breath-by-breath measurements of alveolar O2 consumption (VO2A) and cardiac output (Q) by impedance cardiography and assumptions about the site of depletion of O2 stores, the rate of change in O2 stores (VO2s) was determined. The sum of VO2A + VO2s = VO2T. Six very fit males performed six repetitions of each of two step increases in work rate. STlo was a transition from rest to 100-W cycling; SThi was a transition from 100- to 200-W cycling. For each work rate transition, the responses of VO2A and Q were averaged over the six repetitions of each subject and the model was solved to yield VO2T. The responses of VO2A, VO2T, and Q after the increase in work rate were fit with a monoexponential function. This function included a time constant and time delay, the sum of which gave the mean response time (MRT). In the STlo test, the MRT of VO2A (24.9 +/- 1.1 s, mean +/- SE) was longer than that of VO2T (15.3 +/- 1.3 s) and of Q (16.5 +/- 6.5 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q did not differ significantly. Also for SThi, the MRT of VO2A (34.4 +/- 3.3 s) was significantly longer than that of VO2T (30.0 +/- 3.4 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q (30.3 +/- 5.5 s) were not significantly different at this work rate either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Characteristic disruptions of an excitable carbon cycle

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1905164116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (30) ◽

pp. 14813-14822 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel H. Rothman

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Carbon Cycle ◽

Mass Extinction ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Stable Steady State ◽

Mass Extinctions ◽

Carbon Mass ◽

History Of ◽

External Sources ◽

Major Disruption

The history of the carbon cycle is punctuated by enigmatic transient changes in the ocean’s store of carbon. Mass extinction is always accompanied by such a disruption, but most disruptions are relatively benign. The less calamitous group exhibits a characteristic rate of change whereas greater surges accompany mass extinctions. To better understand these observations, I formulate and analyze a mathematical model that suggests that disruptions are initiated by perturbation of a permanently stable steady state beyond a threshold. The ensuing excitation exhibits the characteristic surge of real disruptions. In this view, the magnitude and timescale of the disruption are properties of the carbon cycle itself rather than its perturbation. Surges associated with mass extinction, however, require additional inputs from external sources such as massive volcanism. Surges are excited when CO2 enters the oceans at a flux that exceeds a threshold. The threshold depends on the duration of the injection. For injections lasting a time ti≳10,000 y in the modern carbon cycle, the threshold flux is constant; for smaller ti, the threshold scales like ti−1. Consequently the unusually strong but geologically brief duration of modern anthropogenic oceanic CO2 uptake is roughly equivalent, in terms of its potential to excite a major disruption, to relatively weak but longer-lived perturbations associated with massive volcanism in the geologic past.

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