scholarly journals Effect of different rates of P fertilization on the yield and P status of the soil in two long-term field experiments

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Seed Crops

Two field experiments on P fertilization were conducted on clay soils in Southern Finland. The rates of P applied yearly in granular NPK fertilizers were 0, 13/16, 26/32, 47/56 and 60/72 kg P/ha in 1974—82/1983 —85. Oats, barley, spring wheat and winter wheat were grown, in two years also oil seed crops. In one experiment, the maximum yield of cereal grains in the first nine years (4 460 kg/ha) was reached at the P rate of 13 kg/ha, but thereafter at 32 kg P/ha. The average difference between the maximum yields and the ones obtained without P fertilization was 470 kg/ha (12 %) in 1974—80, but during the last four years the difference increased to 1 360 kg/ha (40 %), owing to the depletion of P in the plots not fertilized with P. Also in the other experiment, in which the maximum yield of cereal grains (4 790 kg/ha) was obtained at the P rate of 26/32 kg/ha, the response to P fertilization increased towards the end of the trial, the mean response during the last three years being 570 kg/ha (12 %). Phosphorus fertilization, up to the P level at which the maximum yield was reached, decreased the moisture content of cereal grains at harvest. The quantity of P extracted with 0.5 M NH4-acetate-0.5 M acetic acid (pH 4.65) decreased in the plots not fertilized with P, from 5.8 mg/l to 2.2 mg/l and from 6.2 mg/l to 1.8 mg/l in the course of the two trials. The original level of acetate-extractable P was somewhat maintained but not elevated by P rates of 26/32, 47/56 and 60/72 kg/ha. Residual P was recovered mainly in the fractions extractable with NH4F (“Al-P”) and NaOH (“Fe-P”).

scholarly journals 650 PB 022 DIFFERENT LETTUCE TYPES RESPOND SIMILARLY TO P FERTILIZATION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 525g-526
Author(s):  
N.M. El-Hout ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
The Relationship

The production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) types other than crisphead (i.e., leaf, boston, bibb, and romaine) has recently increased due to expanding consumer demand. Fertilizer P recommendations for these lettuce types are largely based on soil-test calibrations for the crisphead type only. However, biomass production and morphological traits of the different lettuce types vary. Four field experiments were conducted to compare the relative efficiencies of these lettuce types to P fertilization. All lettuce types showed large yield and quality responses to P. Because environmental conditions affected yield potential, P rates required for optimal yield varied by lettuce type within experiments. However, the P rates required for optimal yield were similar over all experiments. Furthermore, the relationship between relative yield and soil-test P across all seasons showed a similar soil-test P level was required for maximum yield of all lettuce types. The results of this study show that soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations for crisphead lettuce may be adequate for all lettuce types

scholarly journals Phosphorus fertilization and herbage production in Finland

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Elena Valkama ◽  
Perttu Virkajärvi ◽  
Risto Uusitalo ◽  
Kari Ylivainio ◽  
Eila Turtola
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Mineral Soils

The herbage yield responses to phosphorus (P) fertilization show large variation and, unlike to cereals, initial soil test P (STP) does not always predict such variation. By using meta-analysis, we reviewed quantitatively 38 Finnish field experiments related to the effects of P fertilization on herbage dry matter (DM) yields in the 1960s – 2000s. The current meta-analysis has several advantages over other type of research aiming to summarize the effect of P fertilization on herbage production. It involves large number of studies, diversity of soils and cultivation zones, and it enables to highlight the sources of variation in responses across the studies. Along with clay and coarse-textured mineral soils, we observed 20 studies on organic soils, whereas previous European and Canadian studies on the same topic involved mostly mineral soils. Moreover, we developed yield response models for different soil textures and initial STP levels. The summarized effect of P fertilization (mean 50 kg P ha-1) on DM yields was 13% over the control (N and K fertilization) with large variation across the studies from –10% to 70%. The major sources of variation were soil texture, soil acidity (for organic soils), initial STP and the yield level in control. For example, the yield response was three times larger on organic soils than on clay or coarse-textured mineral soils. Moreover, the yield response was double on slightly acidic organic soils (29%, n = 8) compared to that on moderately acidic ones (15%, n = 11). Thus, for acidic organic soils, even with low STP, P fertilization may be practically useless until the soils are first limed. Meta-regression proved that generally the responses reduced with increasing initial STP across the studies and reached zero at high STP (PAc, 21 mg l-1). However, in some studies with high control yields, no responses were observed even at low STP, since the responses decreased linearly with increasing control yields. Finally, the responses did not statistically differ between the cultivation zones, cut frequency, decades, or between the studies having different duration of experiments. Variation in herbage yields that is often observed in P fertilizer experiments is only partly related to increasing P rates, but also other factors should be taken into account. Further studies should address to the role of, e.g., soil structure in yield development, as it is evident that additional relevant explanatory variables would be needed to adequately explain the variation in herbage yields.

Plant density and yield of grain maize in England

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYResults from 10 field experiments are reported. Inra 200, the standard variety in official maize grain trials in Britain, was grown in six of the trials; comparative information was obtained on a range of competitive commercial hybrids and an experimental, early flowering, hybrid. The final plant densities most commonly involved ranged from 5 to 20 plants/m2, with extremes of 2 and 30 plants/m2. The effects of spatial arrangement were also considered in multifactorial or systematic designs; in general, yields increased slightly with more even spacing but no evidence was adduced that spacing, within the limits likely to be encountered in commercial practice, would significantly modify interpretations of density effects.In all varieties tested, a satisfactory model for the response in yield of grain to changes in plant density was 1/y = a + bx + cx2, where y = grain yield/plant and x = density. Estimated parameter values, however, were not the same for all varieties and significant genotype × density interactions were obtained.Grain yield/unit area in Inra 200 was maximal at densities of 8–10 plants/m2, but the response curve did not have a pronounced peak; differences in average yieldat densities ranging from 6 to 14 plants/m2 were less than 6%, and yield at 20 plants/m2 was about 80% of the maximum. Other flint × dent hybrids grown commercially for grain in northern areas (Anjou 210, L.G. 11, Warwick SL 209) reached maximum grain yield/unit area at lower densities (6–8 plants/m2), and the decline in yield with increasing density was much more marked than in Inra 200. In contrast, an earlier flowering, shorter growing, experimental hybrid (ARC 51 A) did not reach maximum yield until density was raised to 14 plants/m2, and was even more tolerant of high plant densities than Inra 200. With increasing plant density the number of ears/plant declined, falling below 1–0 in Inra 200 at densities in excess of 10 plants/m2, and averaging about 0–8 at plants/m2. Over the range 6–20 plants/m2 shelling percentage was reduced by no more than 4%, but water content of the ear (grain plus rachis) increased significantly with density. In the very early hybrid, ARC 51A, the difference in water content of the ear at 6 and 20 plants/m2 was less than 3%, but in Inra 200 it averaged about 8% and in varieties less tolerant of high densities it was often ofthe order of 15%. These results could be related to the delaying effects of increasing density on time of silk emergence. Relatively, time of pollen shed was little affected by density changes. In Inra 200 the difference in time between mid-anthesis and mid-silk was about 7 days more at 20 plants/m2 than at 6 plants/m2 while in Anjou 210 and Kelvedon 59A the comparable increase was 14 days.The practical significance of the findings is discussed in relation to current grain and silage maize production practices, and to future breeding and testing programmes in Northern Europe.

Re-visiting use of Penicillium bilaii with phosphorus fertilization of hard red spring wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Karamanos ◽  
N A Flore ◽  
J T Harapiak
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Use Efficiency

Penicillium bilaii is a fungus that lives in association with plant roots and has been shown to increase phosphorus (P) solubility and uptake by some crops. A series of 47 experiments with hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that were carried out in the three prairie provinces between 1989 and 1995 and included treatment with P. bilaii as a main plot (with or without) and four rates of fertilizer P (0, 4.4, 8.7 and 13.1 kg P ha-1) as subplots were statistically analyzed to ascertain whether use of P. bilaii resulted in increases in both yield and P uptake by wheat. Of the 47 experiments, response to fertilizer P was obtained in 33 experiments and to P. bilaii in 14, in five of which the response was positive and nine resulted in yield decreases. These responses could not be attributed either to extractable P soil concentration, soil organic matter (SOM) or texture, or weather conditions and are considered random events. Overall, P uptake was a function of fertilizer P rate only.Key words: Seed-treatment, seed yield, P uptake, P use efficiency

Phosphorus fertilization and asparagus yield during establishment years

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Sommerville ◽  
J. K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
First Year ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
P Fertilizers

Adequate P is important for the production of healthy asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) plants. This study determined how varying P fertilization rates affected asparagus yields obtained 3 and 4 yr after planting 1-yr-old crowns. The P fertilizers were applied annually at 0, 50, 75 100 and 200% of the recommended rate for Québec. The recommended rates for P fertilizer are much higher in the year that the crowns are planted than in a producing asparagus field as the goal at planting is to establish soil fertility levels that will sustain production for 15 yr or longer. Marketable yields for the various P fertility regimes ranged from 2060 to 2460 kg fresh weight (FW) ha-1 in the first year of harvest and between 3015 and 3250 kg FW ha-1 in the second year. Marketable yields were not affected by P fertilization in either year, suggesting unamended soil at the test site contained adequate P (about 160 mg Mehlich III extractable P kg-1) for asparagus production. The rates of P removal in the harvested asparagus spears were low compared to fertilizer P applications. All of the P fertilizer rates applied increased the Mehlich III extractable P concentration and the P saturation ratio of the soil above critical agroenvironmental limits. Further study is needed to develop P fertilizer recommendations that maintain asparagus yields and quality without contributing to environmental pollution. Key words: Mehlich III-extractable P, P nutrient management, P saturation

scholarly journals Response of Diverse Lettuce Types to Fertilizer Phosphorus

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Sanchez ◽  
N.M. El-Hout
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
Index Level

Four field experiments were conducted from 1990 to 1992 on Histosols in southern Florida to compare the relative response of various types of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (i.e., leaf, Boston, Bibb, romaine, and crisphead lettuce) to P fertilization. All lettuce types showed large yield and quality responses to P fertilization. Because environmental conditions affected yield potential, P rates required for optimal yield varied for lettuce types across experiments. However, with the exception of Boston, the P rates required for optimal yield were similar when averaged over all experiments. Furthermore, the relationship between relative yield and soil-test P across all seasons showed that a similar soil-test P index level was required for maximum yield of all lettuce types. Overall, the results of this study suggest that existing soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations for crisphead lettuce are adequate for other lettuce types currently grown.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Fertilization for Caladium Tuber Production on Organic Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-171
Author(s):  
Brent K. Harbaugh ◽  
David A. DeVoll ◽  
R. Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilization Practice

Phosphorus is considered a major pollutant of lakes in central Florida, and growers producing crops in the Lake Okeechobee watershed are being challenged to reduce use of P fertilizer. Caladium (Caladium×hortulanum Birdsey) tubers are produced on organic soils within this area. This study was done to determine if current commercial P fertilization rates could be reduced or eliminated, since these organic soils have high levels of water extractable P (Pw). Two farms were selected with low (Farm A 19 lb/acre; 21 kg·ha-1) or high (Farm B 59 lb/acre; 66 kg·ha-1) preplant Pw levels. Production of caladium tubers with the standard grower P fertilization practice (Farm A = P at 39.2 lb/acre; 43.9 kg·ha-1, or Farm B = P at 15.9 lb/acre; 17.8 kg·ha-1) was compared to production with either one-half the standard grower rate of P or no P. The percentage of harvested tubers in each of five grades and the estimated harvested tuber value index were similar irrespective of the amount of P fertilizer used on either farm. These results indicate that P could be eliminated from the fertilization program for caladium tuber production on organic soils.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

scholarly journals A Semi-Theoretical Model for Water Condensation: Dew Used in Conservation of Earthen Heritage Sites

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Xiang He ◽  
Sijia Wang ◽  
Bingjian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Mass Transfer Process ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Dew Formation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Parameter

Dew is a common but important phenomenon. Though water is previously considered to be a threat to earthen heritage sites, artificial dew is showing potential in relic preservation. A model of dew prediction on earthen sites will be essential for developing preventive protection methods, but studies of dew formation processes on relics are limited. In this study, a two parameter model is proposed. It makes approximations according to the features of earthen heritage sites, assuming that a thin and steady air layer exists close to the air–solid interface. This semi-theoretical model was based on calculations of the mass transfer process in the air layer, and was validated by simulations of laboratory experiments (R > 0.9) as well as field experiments. Additionally, a numerical simulation, performed by the commercial software COMSOL, confirmed that the difference between fitting parameter δ and the thickness of assumed mass transfer field was not significant. This model will be helpful in developing automatic environmental control systems for stabilizing water and soluble salts, thus enhancing preventive protection of earthen heritage sites.

scholarly journals A Non-Uniform Broadcast Fertilization Method and Its Performance Analysis under Basin Irrigation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Meijian Bai ◽  
Yinong Li ◽  
Shaohui Zhang ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Inflow Rate ◽  
Application Performance ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Basin Surface ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basin Irrigation

The broadcast fertilization method is widely used under basin irrigation in China. A reasonable broadcast fertilization method can effectively improve application performance of fertilization and reduce pollution from non-point agricultural sources. In this study, firstly, a non-uniform broadcast fertilization method and a non-uniform application coefficient were proposed. The value of non-uniform application coefficient is defined in this paper. It represents the ratio of the difference between the maximum and the average fertilization amount of fertilizer applied on the basin surface to the average fertilization amount of fertilizer applied on the basin surface. Secondly, field experiments were conducted to study the movement characteristics of fertilizer under non-uniform broadcast fertilization for basin irrigation. Field experiment results showed that under the condition of basin irrigation, the non-uniform broadcast fertilization method could weaken the non-uniform distribution of fertilizer due to erosion and transport capacity of solid fertilizer by irrigation water flow, which could significantly improve the uniformity of soil solute content. Thirdly, the solute transport model for broadcast fertilization was corroborated by the field experiment results. The variation rule of fertilization performance with non-uniform application coefficient under different basin length and inflow rate was achieved by simulation. The simulation results showed that fertilization uniformity and fertilization storage efficiency increased first and then decreased with the increase of non-uniform application coefficient. In order to be practically applicable, suitable irrigation programs of non-uniform application coefficient under different basin length and inflow rate conditions were proposed by numerical simulation.

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