Evaluation of anxiety levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the anxiety levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) followed by different treatment methods. Methods Our study was carried out with 141 cases whose pregnancy follow ups were made in Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. Cases which had GDM screening with 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (control group) consisted of 50 cases with 75-g OGTT results in normal range, Group 2 consisted of 50 cases which had significant 75-g OGTT results and followed up by diet (A1), and Group 3 consisted of 41 cases which were diagnosed with GDM as a result of 75-g OGTT and received diet as well as medical therapy (A2). Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) was administered to the patients in Group 1 in 24th week, and to patients in Groups 2 and 3 in the 24th and 32nd weeks. Results In the first evaluation of the patients, BAI scores of the control group were statistically found to be significantly lower than the patients with GDM (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in BAI scores among patients diagnosed with GDM, and high anxiety scores were found in both groups. There was a significant decrease in anxiety levels in the Groups 2 and 3 after the treatment (p<0.01). In the Group 2, the BAI scores were observed to decrease from 51.76±4.47 to 45.62±3.65, and from 51.73±5.27 to 41.48±3.29 in the Group 3 (p<0.001). Conclusion In addition to the metabolic disorders brought by the disease itself, GDM can cause various problems by increasing the levels of anxiety in patients. With an effective treatment for glycemic control, anxiety levels of patients can be reduced.

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How Do Serum Zonulin Levels Change in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy Cholestasis, and the Coexistence of Both Diseases?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12555

Author(s):

Huri Güvey ◽

Samettin Çelik ◽

Canan Soyer Çalışkan ◽

Zehra Yılmaz ◽

Merve Yılmaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Control Group ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Group 1

We investigated the question of how serum zonulin levels change in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and, in the case of the coexistence of ICP and GDM, evaluated the eventual increase in zonulin plasmatic levels. Participants were enrolled for the study between 25 February 2021 and 20 August 2021. The prospective case-control study included: group 1 of 95 pregnant women diagnosed with ICP; group 2 of 110 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM; group 3 of 16 women diagnosed with both GDM and ICP; group 4 of 136 healthy pregnant women as the control group. The groups were compared in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, gestational week of delivery, plasma zonulin levels, delivery type, birth weight, first- and fifth-minute APGAR scores, newborn intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and meconium staining of amniotic fluid parameters. The results suggested that the plasma zonulin levels of ICP (group 1), GDM (group 2), and GDM with ICP (group 3) patients were higher than those of the healthy pregnant women of group 4 (p < 0.001). Among the patient groups, the highest median plasma zonulin levels were found in group 3 (110.33 ng/mL). Zonulin levels were also associated with the severity of ICP and adverse pregnancy outcomes. High serum zonulin levels were related to GDM, ICP, and adverse perinatal outcomes. The coexistence of GDM and ICP led to higher serum zonulin concentrations.

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Complications of the Early Neonatal Period in Children from Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Biomedicine ◽

10.21103/article11(4)_oa3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 414-417

Author(s):

Agamurad Orazmuradov ◽

Irina Bekbaeva ◽

Gayane Arakelyan ◽

Anastasia Minaeva ◽

Anastasiya Akhmatova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Therapy Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Balanced Diet ◽

Functional Immaturity ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background: Changes in the course of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at the present stage determine the emergence of a certain spectrum of completely new problems associated with the health status of newborns from mothers with GDM. The aim of the study was to investigate early neonatal complications in newborns from mothers with GDM. Methods and Results: The study included 404 pregnant women (gestational age of 37.0–41.0 weeks) with GDM. All patients with GDM were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 188 patients receiving insulin therapy; Group 2 included 216 patients receiving a well-balanced diet. The control group (Group 3) consisted of 68 pregnant women without disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In Group 1, macrosomia occurred in 44(23.4%) newborns, in Group 2 - in 48(22.0%) newborns; in newborns from mothers of the control group, the frequency of macrosomia was only in 7.35% of newborns (P=0.01). Morpho-functional immaturity of newborns had the highest frequency of occurrence, despite the fact that all children were born on time; 80(42.6%) newborns from mothers of Group 1 and 77(35.6%) newborns from mothers of Group 2 had signs of morpho-functional immaturity. Conclusion: Diabetic fetopathy in newborns from mothers with GDM is manifested by morpho-functional immaturity of organs and systems developing in unfavorable hyperglycemic conditions.

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Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Current Diabetes Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573399816666191223111833 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 895-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shahin Safian ◽

Farzaneh Esna-Ashari ◽

Shiva Borzouei

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Free T4 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Group

Aims: Investigation thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Background: This article was written to evaluate the thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Method: A total of 252 women with GDM and 252 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. Thyroid tests, including TSH, FreeT3, Free T4, and anti-TPO were performed for all women at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was then carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Result: There was a significant difference between the experimental group (38.4%) and the control group (14.06%) in terms of the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p= 0.016). The frequency of anti-TPO was higher in the experimental group than the control group and positive anti-TPO was observed in 18.6% of women with GDM and 10.3% of healthy pregnant women (P= 0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are observed in pregnant women with GDM more frequently than healthy individuals and it may be thus reasonable to perform thyroid tests routinely.

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C1q/TNF-Related Protein-3 (CTRP-3) and Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Concentrations in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9082587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2587

Author(s):

Tomasz Gęca ◽

Maciej Kwiatek ◽

Arkadiusz Krzyżanowski ◽

Anna Kwaśniewska

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Control Group ◽

Related Protein ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽

Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnant women, defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first detected during pregnancy. Explanation of its pathogenesis is extremely important due to the possibility of preventing serious maternal and fetal complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of two molecules: C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP-3) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) which may possibly participate in GDM development. To our knowledge, this is the first study in pregnant women with GDM evaluating CTRP-3 level. Methods: Serum CTRP-3 and PEDF concentration and clinical characteristics were detected in 172 pregnant women. These women were divided into two groups: normal glucose tolerance group (NGT, n = 54) and gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM, n = 118). This second group was further divided into two subgroups depending on the treatment used: GDM 1—diet only (n = 75) and GDM 2—insulin treatment (n = 43). Results: Our study did not reveal any statistically significant difference between the concentration of PEDF in the control and GDM group. In our study there was a significantly higher concentration of CTRP-3 evaluated in the peripheral blood serum in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM) compared to those in the control group (8.84 vs. 4.79 ng/mL). Significantly higher values of CTRP-3 were observed in both the diet-treated subgroup and the group with insulin therapy when compared to control group (8.40 and 10.96, respectively vs. 4.79 ng/mL). Conclusion: PEDF concentration does not change in GDM, whereas an increased level of CTRP-3 may point to the key role of this adipokine in the development of GDM.

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Serum Vitamine D3 Level in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i730880 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 90-98

Author(s):

Riham M. Enab ◽

Amal A. El Sokary ◽

Heba A. Mourad ◽

Amal E. Mahfouz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin and sequentially metabolized in liver and kidney in humans. It is well known for its function in maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and promoting bone mineralization. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate vitamin D3 level in pregnant women who were suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus and comparing it with the control groups. Materials and Methods: This case control study was conducted on 100 pregnant women who were attending the inpatient and outpatient clinics of Obstetrics department, Tanta University Hospital, who were divided into two equal groups.Group A (control group): Fifty apparently healthy pregnant women at 24th-28th weeks of gestation. Group B (study group): Fifty pregnant women had gestational diabetes. Results: There is significant increase between the two studied groups according to HbA1c, also there is decrease between the two groups as regards VIT D. Mean HbA1c % was statistically significant higher in the study group versus control group. There was statistical significant difference noted between mean serum level of vitamin D among the two studied groups. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between serum 25 OH vitamin D and HbA1c among our cases (r=- 0.745) (p ≤ 0.001). Mean serum vitamin D was significantly lower in cases with complications than those with normal outcome. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may have a positive relationship with gestational diabetes mellitus.

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Association of Polymorphisms in PPARPGC1A, ACE, and DRD2 Genes with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Biomedicine ◽

10.21103/article11(1)_oa8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

Agamurad Orazmuradov ◽

Irina Bekbaeva ◽

Gayane Arakelyan ◽

Marianna Abitova ◽

Khalid Haddad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Therapy Group ◽

Diet Therapy ◽

Homozygous Genotype ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2

The aim of our research was to study the distribution of polymorphic variants of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (rs1800497 SNP), PPARGC1A rs8192678 SNP, and ACE I/D in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods and Results: The study included 383 pregnant women (gestational age of 37.0–41.0 weeks) with GDM and 68 pregnant women without disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. This was a prospective case-control study. All patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included 211 pregnant women with GDM who received diet therapy only; Group 2 included 172 pregnant women with GDM who received insulin therapy; Group 3 included 68 pregnant women without metabolic disorders. For the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (rs1800497 SNP) (A1/A2; T/C), we found that the TT homozygous genotype and T allele prevailed in Groups with GDM compared with Group without metabolic disorders. Conclusion: A study of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (rs1800497 SNP), PPARGC1A rs8192678 SNP, and ACE I/D revealed statistically significant increased risks for GDM in carriers of the TT genotype and T allele of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (rs1800497 SNP).

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Changes in parameters of glycoregulation in gestational diabetes mellitus patients with different approach to insulin therapy introduction

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh1210583m ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 140 (9-10) ◽

pp. 583-588

Author(s):

Violeta Mladenovic ◽

Aleksandar Djukic ◽

Mirjana Varjacic ◽

Djuro Macut

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Therapy Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Glycemic Profile ◽

Group 2

Introduction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The diagnosis of GDM is made by performing the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in women with risk factors, usually during 24th to 28th week of gestation. The most common used insulin therapy regime is a conventional intensive insulin therapy with four daily doses. Objective. The aim of our study was to determine the changes in parameters of glycoregulation in GDM patients with different approach to the introduction of insulin therapy. Methods. Study group consisted of 50 pregnant women divided into two groups depending on the parameters of glycoregulation (glycemic profile and HbA1). Group 1 consisted of pregnant women initially treated with diet only and then, according to glycemic profile and HbA1 profile, in the next few weeks with insulin therapy. Group 2 were pregnant women who were treated with insulin therapy immediately after GDM diagnosis. Results. There was a statistically significant difference in mean glycemia values in the 60th and 120th minute between the two groups (p=0.001). There was a difference in mean value of fasting blood and postprandial glucose between the two groups; it was higher in Group 2. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in HbA1c value at the beginning (5.1?0.4% vs. 5.42?0.43%, p=0.005) and at the end of therapy (4.87?0.29% vs. 5.1?0.39 %, p=0.018). Conclusion. Satisfactory glycoregulation was achieved in both studied groups.

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Serum Zinc and Copper Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

BIRDEM Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/birdem.v8i1.35040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 52-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzana Akonjee Mishu ◽

MA Muttalib ◽

Bilkis Sultana

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Background: The term gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is becoming a major health problem in developing countries undergoing rapid changes in lifestyle, dietary habits and body mass index. GDM is associated with an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities which is also aggravated by mother’s zinc and copper deficiency. Zinc and copper are essential trace elements for normal embryogenesis and fetal growth and their deficiency increase mortality and morbidity of mothers, embryos and neonates. This study was designed to evaluate the association of serum zinc and copper with GDM in second and third trimester.Methods: It was a case-control study. This study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the period from July 2013 to June 2014 to evaluate the association of zinc and copper levels of pregnant women with GDM. A total induded of 172 subjects were participated in this study; among them 86 women diagnosed with GDM were selected as case (Group-I) and 86 healthy pregnant women were control (Group- II).The case group was again subdivided as Group Ia and Ib according to second and third trimester respectively. Control group was also subdivided as Group IIa and IIb according to second and third trimester respectively. Student’s unpaired ‘t’ test was used to analyse the data between groups. For analytical purpose 95% confidence limit (p<0.05) was taken as level of significance.Results: There was significant difference in serum zinc and copper levels in cases compared to control group. Highly significant difference (p<0.001) was found when serum zinc was compared between women with GDM and normoglycemic pregnant women in second and third trimester. Serum copper level was significantly increased in cases compared to control group in second trimester and the difference was found highly significant (p<0.001) and significant difference (p<0.01) was found in GDM compared to normoglycemic pregnant women in third trimester.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(1): 52-55

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Mpv for Predicting Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

10.31487/j.jdmc.2019.01.04 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Derya Ece Iliman ◽

Ibrahim Karaca ◽

Levent Yasar ◽

Keziban Dogan ◽

Raziye Kıcık Calıskan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Blood Count ◽

White Blood Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: In this study we aimed to compare blood count parameters such as; mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PC), and platelet distribution width (PDW), white blood count (WBC), hemoglobin (HMG), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM ), neutrophil (NEU), PC/MPV, PC/LYM, PC/WBC, NEU/LYM rates; between healthy pregnant women and pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) whether these parameters have a predictive value of GDM. Methods: A retrospective case control study was performed and a total of 202 pregnant women including 78 pregnant women with GDM (38.6%) and 124 healthy pregnant women (61.4%; the control group) were fallen under the study. Prior medical histories had no particularity. Results: The result of compared parameters between GDM and Control Groups; there was no significant difference between any variables except age (p=0.024; p<0.05). Conclusion: If blood samples are evaluated under healthy conditions ( rapidly collection, transfer and studying) we concluded that blood count parameters would not be useful for predicting the diagnosis of GDM.

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Effectiveness of Metformin in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Pregnant Women

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1642632 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 180-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Willian Sales ◽

Iramar Nascimento ◽

Guilherme Dienstmann ◽

Matheus Souza ◽

Grazielle Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Risk Reduction ◽

Absolute Risk ◽

Absolute Risk Reduction ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Absolute

Objective To assess the effectiveness of metformin in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women attending a public maternity hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods Randomized clinical trial including obese pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, divided into two groups (control and metformin). Both groups received guidance regarding diet and physical exercise. The participants were assessed at two moments, the first at enrollment (gestational age ≤ 20) and the second at gestational weeks 24–28. The outcomes assessed were BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. The data distribution was assessed with the Friedman test. For all the analytical models, the p-values were considered significant when lower than 0.05. The absolute risk reduction was also estimated. Results Overall, 164 pregnant women were assessed and further divided into 82 participants per group. No significant difference was observed in BMI variation between the control and metformin groups (0.9 ± 1.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.9, respectively, p = 0.63). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 15.9% (n = 13) of the patients allocated to the metformin group and 19.5% (n = 16) of those in the control group (p = 0.683). The absolute risk reduction was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 8.0–15.32) in the group treated with metformin, which was not significant. Conclusion Metformin was not effective in reducing BMI and preventing GDM in obese pregnant women.

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