Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Aims: Investigation thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Background: This article was written to evaluate the thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Method: A total of 252 women with GDM and 252 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. Thyroid tests, including TSH, FreeT3, Free T4, and anti-TPO were performed for all women at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was then carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Result: There was a significant difference between the experimental group (38.4%) and the control group (14.06%) in terms of the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p= 0.016). The frequency of anti-TPO was higher in the experimental group than the control group and positive anti-TPO was observed in 18.6% of women with GDM and 10.3% of healthy pregnant women (P= 0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are observed in pregnant women with GDM more frequently than healthy individuals and it may be thus reasonable to perform thyroid tests routinely.

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Effect of Diabetes Education Program on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Among Diabetic Pregnant Women: An Experimental Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-112894/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Uchenna Cosmas Ugwu ◽

Osmond Chukwuemeka Ene

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Education Program ◽

Diabetes Education ◽

Control Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease condition present during pregnancy and if not properly managed would have severe effect on the maternal and neonatal health. This research determined the effect of diabetes education program (DEP) on gestational diabetes mellitus knowledge (GDMK) among diabetic pregnant women (DPW) and significant differences within groups.Methods: This study was based on a pretest – posttest measures of experimental research design involving experimental (n=110) and control (n=110) groups. A total of 220 DPW were purposively recruited from public hospitals in Nigeria between October and December 2019. The DEP was delivered to DPW in experimental group. The Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire (GDMKQ) of 0.774 was used for data collection. The statistical analysis was completed using IBM SPSS version 22. Results: The results revealed that no statistically significant difference existed on GDM history (P=0.801>0.05), smoking habit (P=0.0615>0.05), parity status (P=0.503>0.05), and level of education (P=0.720>0.05), while difference was observed on alcohol status (P=0.011<0.05), and age by birth (P=0.009<0.05). Also, while no significant difference existed between the DPW in the treatment and control groups on GDMK pretest measures (P=0.901>0.05), difference existed between the DPW in the intervention and control groups on GDMK posttest scores (P=0.026<0.05). Also, the higher percentage score (78%) of DPW in the experimental group in the posttest GDMK measures which is higher than the score in the pretest measures (55%) of the same group were indications that DEP has significant effect on GDMK among DPW.Conclusion: This demonstrates that reliable interventions are effective in combating pregnancy-related complications. This requires collaborative efforts by concerned bodies to combat notable complications during pregnancy using reliable intervention.Trial Registration: In retrospect, the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry documented the study with registration trial code (Trial No.: PACTR201903003187005)

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C1q/TNF-Related Protein-3 (CTRP-3) and Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Concentrations in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9082587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2587

Author(s):

Tomasz Gęca ◽

Maciej Kwiatek ◽

Arkadiusz Krzyżanowski ◽

Anna Kwaśniewska

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Control Group ◽

Related Protein ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽

Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnant women, defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first detected during pregnancy. Explanation of its pathogenesis is extremely important due to the possibility of preventing serious maternal and fetal complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of two molecules: C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP-3) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) which may possibly participate in GDM development. To our knowledge, this is the first study in pregnant women with GDM evaluating CTRP-3 level. Methods: Serum CTRP-3 and PEDF concentration and clinical characteristics were detected in 172 pregnant women. These women were divided into two groups: normal glucose tolerance group (NGT, n = 54) and gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM, n = 118). This second group was further divided into two subgroups depending on the treatment used: GDM 1—diet only (n = 75) and GDM 2—insulin treatment (n = 43). Results: Our study did not reveal any statistically significant difference between the concentration of PEDF in the control and GDM group. In our study there was a significantly higher concentration of CTRP-3 evaluated in the peripheral blood serum in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM) compared to those in the control group (8.84 vs. 4.79 ng/mL). Significantly higher values of CTRP-3 were observed in both the diet-treated subgroup and the group with insulin therapy when compared to control group (8.40 and 10.96, respectively vs. 4.79 ng/mL). Conclusion: PEDF concentration does not change in GDM, whereas an increased level of CTRP-3 may point to the key role of this adipokine in the development of GDM.

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Serum Vitamine D3 Level in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i730880 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 90-98

Author(s):

Riham M. Enab ◽

Amal A. El Sokary ◽

Heba A. Mourad ◽

Amal E. Mahfouz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin and sequentially metabolized in liver and kidney in humans. It is well known for its function in maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and promoting bone mineralization. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate vitamin D3 level in pregnant women who were suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus and comparing it with the control groups. Materials and Methods: This case control study was conducted on 100 pregnant women who were attending the inpatient and outpatient clinics of Obstetrics department, Tanta University Hospital, who were divided into two equal groups.Group A (control group): Fifty apparently healthy pregnant women at 24th-28th weeks of gestation. Group B (study group): Fifty pregnant women had gestational diabetes. Results: There is significant increase between the two studied groups according to HbA1c, also there is decrease between the two groups as regards VIT D. Mean HbA1c % was statistically significant higher in the study group versus control group. There was statistical significant difference noted between mean serum level of vitamin D among the two studied groups. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between serum 25 OH vitamin D and HbA1c among our cases (r=- 0.745) (p ≤ 0.001). Mean serum vitamin D was significantly lower in cases with complications than those with normal outcome. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may have a positive relationship with gestational diabetes mellitus.

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Evaluation of anxiety levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Perinatal Journal ◽

10.2399/prn.20.0282010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 89-94

Author(s):

Aşkın Evren Güler ◽

Zeliha Çiğdem Demirel Güler ◽

Asil Budak ◽

Buket Koparal ◽

Özge Şehirli Kıncı

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the anxiety levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) followed by different treatment methods. Methods Our study was carried out with 141 cases whose pregnancy follow ups were made in Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. Cases which had GDM screening with 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (control group) consisted of 50 cases with 75-g OGTT results in normal range, Group 2 consisted of 50 cases which had significant 75-g OGTT results and followed up by diet (A1), and Group 3 consisted of 41 cases which were diagnosed with GDM as a result of 75-g OGTT and received diet as well as medical therapy (A2). Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) was administered to the patients in Group 1 in 24th week, and to patients in Groups 2 and 3 in the 24th and 32nd weeks. Results In the first evaluation of the patients, BAI scores of the control group were statistically found to be significantly lower than the patients with GDM (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in BAI scores among patients diagnosed with GDM, and high anxiety scores were found in both groups. There was a significant decrease in anxiety levels in the Groups 2 and 3 after the treatment (p<0.01). In the Group 2, the BAI scores were observed to decrease from 51.76±4.47 to 45.62±3.65, and from 51.73±5.27 to 41.48±3.29 in the Group 3 (p<0.001). Conclusion In addition to the metabolic disorders brought by the disease itself, GDM can cause various problems by increasing the levels of anxiety in patients. With an effective treatment for glycemic control, anxiety levels of patients can be reduced.

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Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal thyroid function and body mass index

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.9084.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 1746

Author(s):

Elrazi A. Ali ◽

Hala Abdullahi ◽

Duria A. Rayis ◽

Ishag Adam ◽

Mohamed F. Lutfi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Body Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Maternal Thyroid

Background: The exact influences of thyroid functions on body mass index (BMI) are ill-defined in euthyroid pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objectives: To investigate the effect of GDM on maternal thyroid functions and BMI. Methods: A case- control study was conducted in Saad Abualila Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan June to August 2015. Cases included women with GDM and healthy pregnant women as controls. Thyroid hormones [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4)] and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) antibodies were measured. Results: BMI was significantly increased in GDM patients (26.3 (2.7) Kg/m2) compared with the control group (24.3(1.8) Kg/m2, P = 0.001). Levels of FT3 and FT4 were significantly decreased in GDM patients (0.632 (0.408 ─ 1.074) pg/ml; 0.672 (0.614 ─ 0.960) ng/dl) compared with the healthy pregnant women (0.820 (0.510─1.385) pg/ml, P = 0.021; 0.840 (0.767─1.200) ng/dl, P < 0.001). In contrast, anti-TPO and anti-TG were significantly higher in GDM patients (11.13 (7.969 ─13.090) IU/ml; 14.40 (10.91─20.69) IU/ml) compared with the control group (8.90 (6.375─10.48 IU/ml, P = 0.022; 10.50 (8.2─13.95) IU/ml, P = 0.010). BMI correlated negatively with FT3 (r = ─ 0. 375, P = 0.002) and FT4 (r = ─ 0. 316, P = 0.009) and positively with anti-TPO (r = 0.361, P = 0.002) and anti-TG (r = 0.393, P = 0.010). Conclusion: The present results add further evidence for decreased free thyroid hormones, increased anti-thyroid autoantibodies and higher BMI in patients with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women. BMI correlated directly with FT3 and FT4, but failed to demonstrate significant association with TSH.

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Serum Zinc and Copper Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

BIRDEM Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/birdem.v8i1.35040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 52-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzana Akonjee Mishu ◽

MA Muttalib ◽

Bilkis Sultana

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Background: The term gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is becoming a major health problem in developing countries undergoing rapid changes in lifestyle, dietary habits and body mass index. GDM is associated with an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities which is also aggravated by mother’s zinc and copper deficiency. Zinc and copper are essential trace elements for normal embryogenesis and fetal growth and their deficiency increase mortality and morbidity of mothers, embryos and neonates. This study was designed to evaluate the association of serum zinc and copper with GDM in second and third trimester.Methods: It was a case-control study. This study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the period from July 2013 to June 2014 to evaluate the association of zinc and copper levels of pregnant women with GDM. A total induded of 172 subjects were participated in this study; among them 86 women diagnosed with GDM were selected as case (Group-I) and 86 healthy pregnant women were control (Group- II).The case group was again subdivided as Group Ia and Ib according to second and third trimester respectively. Control group was also subdivided as Group IIa and IIb according to second and third trimester respectively. Student’s unpaired ‘t’ test was used to analyse the data between groups. For analytical purpose 95% confidence limit (p<0.05) was taken as level of significance.Results: There was significant difference in serum zinc and copper levels in cases compared to control group. Highly significant difference (p<0.001) was found when serum zinc was compared between women with GDM and normoglycemic pregnant women in second and third trimester. Serum copper level was significantly increased in cases compared to control group in second trimester and the difference was found highly significant (p<0.001) and significant difference (p<0.01) was found in GDM compared to normoglycemic pregnant women in third trimester.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(1): 52-55

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Mpv for Predicting Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

10.31487/j.jdmc.2019.01.04 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Derya Ece Iliman ◽

Ibrahim Karaca ◽

Levent Yasar ◽

Keziban Dogan ◽

Raziye Kıcık Calıskan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Blood Count ◽

White Blood Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: In this study we aimed to compare blood count parameters such as; mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PC), and platelet distribution width (PDW), white blood count (WBC), hemoglobin (HMG), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM ), neutrophil (NEU), PC/MPV, PC/LYM, PC/WBC, NEU/LYM rates; between healthy pregnant women and pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) whether these parameters have a predictive value of GDM. Methods: A retrospective case control study was performed and a total of 202 pregnant women including 78 pregnant women with GDM (38.6%) and 124 healthy pregnant women (61.4%; the control group) were fallen under the study. Prior medical histories had no particularity. Results: The result of compared parameters between GDM and Control Groups; there was no significant difference between any variables except age (p=0.024; p<0.05). Conclusion: If blood samples are evaluated under healthy conditions ( rapidly collection, transfer and studying) we concluded that blood count parameters would not be useful for predicting the diagnosis of GDM.

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Effectiveness of Metformin in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Pregnant Women

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1642632 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 180-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Willian Sales ◽

Iramar Nascimento ◽

Guilherme Dienstmann ◽

Matheus Souza ◽

Grazielle Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Risk Reduction ◽

Absolute Risk ◽

Absolute Risk Reduction ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Absolute

Objective To assess the effectiveness of metformin in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women attending a public maternity hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods Randomized clinical trial including obese pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, divided into two groups (control and metformin). Both groups received guidance regarding diet and physical exercise. The participants were assessed at two moments, the first at enrollment (gestational age ≤ 20) and the second at gestational weeks 24–28. The outcomes assessed were BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. The data distribution was assessed with the Friedman test. For all the analytical models, the p-values were considered significant when lower than 0.05. The absolute risk reduction was also estimated. Results Overall, 164 pregnant women were assessed and further divided into 82 participants per group. No significant difference was observed in BMI variation between the control and metformin groups (0.9 ± 1.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.9, respectively, p = 0.63). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 15.9% (n = 13) of the patients allocated to the metformin group and 19.5% (n = 16) of those in the control group (p = 0.683). The absolute risk reduction was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 8.0–15.32) in the group treated with metformin, which was not significant. Conclusion Metformin was not effective in reducing BMI and preventing GDM in obese pregnant women.

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Evaluation of epicardial fat tissue thickness and aortic stiffness in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Perinatal Journal ◽

10.2399/prn.21.0291006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Melike Nur Akın ◽

Burcu Kasap ◽

Fatih Akın ◽

Burak Sezgin ◽

İbrahim Altun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Aortic Stiffness ◽

Epicardial Fat ◽

Control Group ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Tissue Thickness ◽

Epicardial Fat Tissue

Objective We aimed to assess the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease by measuring epicardial fat tissue thickness and aortic stiffness in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods 28 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and 25 pregnant women without gestational diabetes mellitus were included in the research. Body mass index, laboratory values, blood pressure measurements and obstetric history findings of the study population were recorded. All participants of the study population were evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography between 24 and 28 weeks of gestational period. The measurement of epicardial fat tissue thickness was taken and aortic stiffness index was also calculated. Results The age, gravidity, parity and obstetric history of the two groups were similar. Epicardial fat tissue thickness was found significantly higher in gestational diabetes mellitus group than control group (0.416 cm and 0.336 cm, respectively; p<0.001). However, no significant difference was found in aortic stiffness measurements of the two groups (p=0.079). Conclusion According to the results of our study, epicardial fat tissue thickness was found to be statistically significantly higher in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared to the control group. The fact that no difference was detected in other cardiovascular parameters suggests that measurement of epicardial fat tissue thickness in gestational period may be a beneficial adjunctive tool in early detection of gestational diabetes mellitus.

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