scholarly journals Features of the Electrochemical Deposition of Films from a Triple System of CoNiFe

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Robert Dmitrievich Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Deposition ◽  
Triple System ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Ion Formation ◽  
Component Solution ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Mobility Of Ions ◽  
Component Content ◽  
The Difference

The nature of phenomena that occurs in the electrolyte during the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films and the mechanism leading to the difference in the relative content of elements in the electrolyte and film was clarified. This clarification was obtained with the help of a spectrophotometric study of chloride electrolytes and the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films at 70 °C. An experimental study of the absorption spectra and the pH values of the FeCl2, NiCl2 and CoCl2 salt solutions at concentrations of 0.005 to 1 mol/l showed the complex nature of the ion-formation balance in single-component and mixed solutions and the dependence of ion formation on acidic and alkaline additives. The deposited CoNiFe film was made from a chloride electrolyte with a component content ratio of 1:1:1 at both high (0.5 mol/l) and low (0.006 mol\l) concentrations of each component. The content of each component in the film after the electrochemical deposition of the three component solution (FeCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2 at equal concentrations) did not correspond to the composition of the electrolyte. The mechanism for the abnormal deposition of Co, Fe, Ni occurred due to the incomplete ionization of atoms and the differences in the mobility of ions. The magnetic susceptibility of the films formed in the triple CoNiFe system was higher than that of a permalloy. Therefore, the triple system shows promise for use in magnetic field converters.

CoNiFe Triple System Films Formation by Electrochemical Deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
R.D. Tikhonov ◽  
◽  
S.A. Polomoshnov ◽  
V.V. Amelichev ◽  
A.A. Cheremisinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Electrochemical Deposition ◽  
Triple System ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Component Solution ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
The Difference

High-permeability films of CoNiFe triple system form the basis for high-density magnetic data storage. Electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films, as contrasted with «dry» processes, gives more homogeneous coating with lesser defect level and allows reinforcing the films thickness without stresses. This study investigates the nature of the phenomena taking place at electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films and leading to the difference in the relative content of the elements in the electrolyte and in the film. The hydrogen exponent of chloride electrolytes was examined in the temperature range of 25–70 °C and electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films at 70 °C was studied. It was demonstrated that CoCl2, NiCl2, FeCl2 salt solutions with concentration from 0,006 to 1 mole/l are characterized by complex process of ion balance formation in single and mixed solutions. The deposition of CoNiFe films was carried out from chloride electrolyte with a component content ratio of 1:1:1 at an average concentration of 0,083 mole/l of each component. It has been established that the content of the component in the film at electrochemical deposition of three-component solution CoCl2, NiCl2, FeCl2 with equal concentration of each component did not correspond to the composition of the electrolyte but was closest to the composition of the electrolyte at a decrease in the concentration of each component at high current density.

scholarly journals Calcium Biogeochemical Cycle in a Typical Karst Forest: Evidence from Calcium Isotope Compositions

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Guilin Han ◽  
Anton Eisenhauer ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Man Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Calcium Isotope ◽  
Karst Forest ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Vital Factor

In order to better constrain calcium cycling in natural soil and in soil used for agriculture, we present the δ44/40Ca values measured in rainwater, groundwater, plants, soil, and bedrock samples from a representative karst forest in SW China. The δ44/40Ca values are found to differ by ≈3.0‰ in the karst forest ecosystem. The Ca isotope compositions and Ca contents of groundwater, rainwater, and bedrock suggest that the Ca of groundwater primarily originates from rainwater and bedrock. The δ44/40Ca values of plants are lower than that of soils, indicating the preferential uptake of light Ca isotopes by plants. The distribution of δ44/40Ca values in the soil profiles (increasing with soil depth) suggests that the recycling of crop-litter abundant with lighter Ca isotope has potential effects on soil Ca isotope composition. The soil Mg/Ca content ratio probably reflects the preferential plant uptake of Ca over Mg and the difference in soil maturity. Light Ca isotopes are more abundant in mature soils than nutrient-depleted soils. The relative abundance in the light Ca isotope (40Ca) is in the following order: farmland > burnt grassland > forests > grassland > shrubland. Our results further indicate that biological fractionation in a soil–plant system is a vital factor for Ca–geochemical transformations in soil surface systems.

scholarly journals A new process of negative-ion formation. IV

1938 ◽  
Vol 168 (932) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Ions ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ion Formation ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
New Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come ◽  
Positive Ion

The three previous papers of this series (Arnot and Milligan 1936 b ; Arnot 1937 a, b ) contain an account of experimental work which led the senior author to propose a new process of negative-ion formation. This process is the formation of negative ions at metal surfaces by bombardment of the surface with positive ions, the negative ion being formed by the positive ion capturing two electron from the surface. Further work carried out during the past year, which is described in this paper, has revealed a new variation of the above process. In this latter process the impinging positive ion causes an adsorbed atom on the surface to come off as a negative ion. It is believed that this newer process is essentially similar to the process previously reported, the difference being due merely to the transference of excitation energy from the incident positive ion, after its capture of an electron, to the atom adsorbed on the surface. The discovery of this second effect was made independently by Sloane and Press (1938), although they attribute it to a different process.

scholarly journals SEX DIFFERENCE AND GONADAL HORMONE INFLUENCE ON SYRIAN HAMSTER KIDNEY ESTERASE ISOZYMES

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN J. LI ◽  
HADLEY KIRKMAN ◽  
ROBERT L. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Hormone ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Esterase Isozymes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Normal Enzyme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hormone Influence ◽  
Estradiol 17Β ◽  
Normal Adults

Thirteen esterase isozymes were separated from kidney extracts of normal adult Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus) using the zymogram technique with vertical starch gel electrophoresis and naphthyl esters as substrates. The activities of two esterases were altered by gonadectomy and by treatment with testosterone or estradiol-17β but not with progesterone. One of these esterases showed negligible activity in castrated males and in normal and spayed females. The activity of this esterase increased appreciably in castrated males treated with testosterone or estradiol and in testosterone-treated spayed females. This enhanced activity, however, was not consistent in spayed females treated with estradiol. No sex differences in renal esterases were observed in immature hamsters but a variation was detected in normal adults. The difference appears to be of normal enzyme levels rather than the absence of any esterase. Under the influence of estradiol and progesterone, separately or in combination, distinct alterations in kidney esterase profiles were observed. Certain other quantitative hormonal effects were found. These hormone-dependent esterases do not appear to be cholinesterases, as they were unaffected by eserine. The marked sensitivity of various hamster kidney esterases to estrogen appears to be a unique response and may be related to the estrogenic induction of renal adenocarcinoma, initiated under similar conditions, but not found with androgen-treated or other estrogenized animals. These findings indicate that gonadal effects on the hamster kidney may be of a more complex nature than has been considered heretofore.

Experimental and CFD Studies of NGV Endwall Cooling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Thomas ◽  
Benjamin Kirollos ◽  
Dougal Jackson ◽  
Thomas Povey
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Guide Vane ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Double Row ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
Nozzle Guide

For engines operating at high turbine entry temperatures it is increasingly important to cool the high pressure nozzle guide vane (HP NGV) endwalls. This is particularly so for low NOx combustors operating with flatter outlet temperature distributions. Double-row arrangements of film/ballistic cooling holes upstream of the NGV passage have been employed in production engines. Optimisation of such systems is non-trivial, however, due to the complex nature of the flow in the endwall region. Previous studies have reported that strong cross passage pressure gradients lead to migration of coolant flow and boundary layer flow within the passage. In addition the vane potential field effects lead to non-uniform blowing ratios for holes upstream of the vanes. It has also been reported that inlet total pressure and turbulence profiles have a significant effect on the development of the film cooling layer. In this study, endwall film cooling flows are studied experimentally in a large-scale low-speed cascade tunnel with engine-realistic combustor geometry and turbulence profiles. At very low blowing ratios mild cross-passage migration effects are observed. At higher blowing ratios more realistic of the engine situation no cross-passage migration is observed. This finding is somewhat contrary to the classical view of endwall secondary flow, which is presented as significant at the scale of the vane passage by several authors. The difference arises in part because of the thinning of the boundary layer due to strong acceleration in the vane inlet contraction. The findings are further supported by CFD simulations. Methods of improving conventional double-row systems to offer improved cooling of the endwall are also discussed.

scholarly journals Complexation of nickel (II) ion with B3 vitamin in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1959-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gamov ◽  
Svetlana Dushina ◽  
Valentin Sharnin ◽  
Maksim Zavalishin
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Ligand Molecule ◽  
Complex Formation Reaction ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Formation Reaction ◽  
Stability Change ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

AbstractThe stability change of nickel(II) ion complexes including one and two nicotinamide (B3 vitamin) molecules in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (XDMSO = 0–0.85 m.f.) was studied at 298.2±0.1 K and 0.25 ionic strength value (NaClO4) using the potentiometric method. The first stage constant of complexation increased until organic solvent concentration was 0.5 m.f. and reduced at higher DMSO content. The difference between complex and central ions solvation is a dominating contribution into the Gibbs energy change of mononicotinamide complex formation reaction. When the second ligand molecule was bonded into the coordination compound, the nicotinamide contribution to ΔtrGr rose and became prevailing at XDMSO = 0.7–0.85. The ligand was found to replace a water molecule in the coordination sphere of the cation according to spectrophotometric study results.

scholarly journals Experimental study of the effect of various surfactants on the wave characteristics of the film flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 2119 (1) ◽  
pp. 012064
Author(s):  
V V Guzanov ◽  
A V Bobylev ◽  
A Z Kvon
Keyword(s):  
Wave Motion ◽  
Film Flow ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Ionic Surfactants ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Abstract In this paper we present the results of experimental investigation of the effect of ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetrimonium bromide) at various concentrations on the vertical film flow in the range of Reynolds numbers 10 < Re < 50. The laser-induced fluorescence technique was used for instant film thickness measurements. The results are compared with data obtained for non-ionic Triton X-100. For all surfactants the rivulets formation and the dumping of wave motion are observed. The difference in the action of ionic and non-ionic surfactants on wave motion is revealed. Such deviations indicate that for ionic surfactants the surface tension relaxation process (at least in the case of film flows) is not fully described by diffusion processes, but has a more complex nature.

Cu2O sensitized flexible 3D-TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhancing visible photo-electrochemical performance

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (75) ◽  
pp. 70978-70983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuchun Yang ◽  
Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Electrochemical Deposition ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Tio2 Nanotube Arrays ◽  
Tio2 Nanotube ◽  
Nanotube Arrays ◽  
Photocurrent Response ◽  
Photo Catalytic Activity ◽  
The Difference

Cu2O flake and nanoparticle modified 3D-TiO2 nanotube arrays were firstly prepared by electrochemical deposition. The growth process of Cu2O is discussed. A mechanism is proposed to explain the difference in photocurrent response and photo-catalytic activity.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF FACTORING AGREEMENT WITH CERTAIN TYPES OF CONTRACTS IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
A. V. Ivanytskyi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features

The legal construction of a factoring contract has separate features similar to other business agreements. At the same time, factoring is characterized by a number of certain features, which makes it possible to distinguish it as an independent type of economic agreement with its own, specific legal regulation. Doctrinal literature suggests that factoring is not a separate type of obligation, but is instead considered as a subspecies or specific form of other treaties. In order to refute such judgments, we consider it necessary to clarify the difference between factoring agreements and related categories. The article improves the comparative characteristics of the factoring contract and the cession contract – a number of different characteristics are revealed, which allow to differentiate factoring relations from the relations of the cession. Using the comparative method, the differences of the contract of faking from the different types of contracts are investigated on the basis of the subject of contracts, independence, payment, formof conclusion of contracts, legal personality of the parties, sources of legal regulation, complex nature, etc. Further developed the provision on the economic and legal nature of the factoring agreement, which objectively corresponds to its nature, features and characteristic specificity, based on the analyzed theoretical approaches to determining the legal nature of the factoring agreement, foreignexperience, case law and case law international law and the author’s own positions. It is proved that the factoring contract is an independent and complete economic obligation, which has its own characteristic features and features that make it possible to distinguish the factoring contract with similar legal structures. On the basis of a systematic study of the relation of the factoring contract with certain types of contracts, new scientific provisions have been developed, and proposals for improvement of legislation on a number of issues have been substantiated.

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