scholarly journals Toxicokinetic of phenothrin in rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-558
Author(s):  
Tarık Kaya ◽  
◽  
Gökhan Eraslan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Mean Residence Time ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Compartment Open Model ◽  
Group 1

The toxicokinetics of single dose phenothrin were examined in rabbits. For this aim, a total of 14 New Zealand breed, 2 to 2.5 kg body weight, 6 month-old female rabbits were used. The animals were divided into two groups and each group had 7 animals. Phenothrin was administered intravenously to each animal in group 1, at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. and orally to each of the animals in group 2 at the same dose. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a solvent in application of phenothrin. Plasma phenothrin levels were measured by gas chromatography equipped with an ECD detector. Toxicokinetic evaluations were made according to the plasma phenothrin level-time curve. Phenothrin was found to be distributed according to the two-compartment open model. The values ​​of elimination half-life (t1/2β), mean residence time (MRT) and area under the curve (AUC0→∞) after intravenous phenothrin administration were 2.57 ± 0.10 h, 2.79 ± 0.09 h and 6893.05 ± 261.26 ng/h/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), t1/2β, MRT and AUC0→∞ after oral administration were 185.71 ± 8.21 ng/mL, 1.21 ± 0.20 h, 4.24 ± 0.39 h, 6.65 ± 0.54 h and 1054.04 ± 65.90 ng/h/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of phenothrin was calculated as 15.29%. Mean residence time was short and oral bioavailability was low. This may be one of the reasons why phenothrin is included in safe pesticides.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide and toltrazuril sulphone in pregnant and non-pregnant goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-390
Author(s):  
Sara T. Elazab ◽  
Nahla S. Elshater ◽  
Ahmed E. Elweza
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Plasma Concentration Time Curve ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Therapy ◽  
Group 1

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of toltrazuril (TZR) and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide (TZR.SO) and toltrazuril sulphone (TZR.SO2) were assessed in non-pregnant and pregnant goats. Ten healthy Baladi female goats were allocated into two groups (n = 5 per group): non-pregnant goats (group 1) and pregnant goats at 2–3 months of gestation (group 2). Toltrazuril was administered once orally to all goats at 20 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected at 0 (before TZR administration), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 h and 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 35 days post therapy to measure the concentrations of TZR and its metabolites. In pregnant goats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last sample (AUC0-last) of TZR were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the non-pregnant ones, whereas the volume of distribution (Vz_F_obs) and clearance (Cl_F_obs) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in pregnant goats. No significant differences were observed in the elimination half-life (T1/2λz), and mean residence time (MRT) between the two groups. In non-pregnant goats, TZR.SO and TZR.SO2 could be detected in plasma until 12 and 30 days, respectively; whereas in pregnant goats, they were quantified up to 16 and 35 days, respectively. Conclusively, TZR was well absorbed and rapidly metabolized to TZR.SO and TZR.SO2, after oral dosing in goats. Pregnancy caused significant alterations in some of the pharmacokinetic indicators of TZR and its metabolites in goats.

scholarly journals Comparative Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Puerarin in Rat Plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS after Oral Administration of Pueraria lobata Extract and Pure Puerarin

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Guozhe Zhang ◽  
Jianwei Ji ◽  
Mingzhong Sun ◽  
Yuqiao Ji ◽  
Hongjian Ji
Keyword(s):  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Pueraria Lobata ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Wide Range

Puerarin is the main biologically active isoflavone in Pueraria lobata and has a wide range of biological activities. However, due to its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability, its clinical applications are restricted. Compared with puerarin, the Pueraria lobata extract (PLE) has better water solubility, lower toxicity, and less side effects. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of orally administered puerarin (100 mg/kg) and PLE (763 mg/kg, equivalent to 100.0 mg/kg of puerarin) to rats was investigated by the UHPLC-MS/MS method. Results showed that when the rats were administered PLE, the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-inf) dramatically increased from 219.83 ± 64.37 μg h/L to 462.62 ± 51.74 μg h/L (p<0.01). The elimination half-time (t1/2) also increased from 1.60 ± 0.38 h to 12.04 ± 5.10 h (p<0.01). The maximum concentration (Cmax) of puerarin decreased from 101.64 ± 41.82 ng/mL to 48.64 ± 21.47 ng/mL (p<0.01), and time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of puerarin decreased from 1.46 ± 1.08 h to 0.54 ± 0.30 h (p<0.01). Results indicated that the pharmacokinetics of puerarin in Pueraria lobata may be dramatically different from pure puerarin in the plasma of rat, and oral bioavailability of puerarin may be increased when PLE was administrated to rats.

scholarly journals No relevant pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction between nintedanib and pirfenidone

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1801060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Richeldi ◽  
Sophie Fletcher ◽  
Huzaifa Adamali ◽  
Nazia Chaudhuri ◽  
Sabrina Wiebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Drug Drug Interaction ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Drug ◽  
Group 1

Nintedanib and pirfenidone are approved treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This open-label, two-group trial investigated the pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction between these two drugs in patients with IPF.Subjects not treated with antifibrotics at screening (group 1, n=20) received a single nintedanib dose (150 mg) followed by pirfenidone (titrated to 801 mg thrice daily) for 3 weeks, with a further single nintedanib dose (150 mg) on the last day (day 23). Subjects treated with pirfenidone at screening (group 2, n=17) continued to receive pirfenidone alone (801 mg thrice daily) for 7 days, then co-administered with nintedanib (150 mg twice daily) for a further 7 days, before single doses of both treatments on day 16.In group 1, adjusted geometric mean (gMean) ratios (with/without pirfenidone) were 88.6% and 80.6% for nintedanib area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), respectively. In group 2, gMean ratios (with/without nintedanib) were 97.2% and 99.5% for pirfenidone AUC and Cmax, respectively. For all parameters, the 90% confidence intervals included 100%, suggesting similar exposure for administration alone and when co-administered. Both treatments were well tolerated.These data indicate there is no relevant pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction between nintedanib and pirfenidone when co-administered in IPF patients.

Pharmacokinetics of an immunomodulating dose of levamisole in weaned pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382
Author(s):  
Jelena Šuran ◽  
Dubravka Flajs ◽  
Maja Peraica ◽  
Andreja Prevendar Crnić ◽  
Marcela Šperanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Parallel Design ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Plasma Concentration Time Curve ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Levamisole has been shown to stimulate the immune response in immunocompromised humans and animals. However, its use as an adjuvant in immunocompromised weaned pigs prone to colibacillosis has only been experimentally tested but not yet officially approved. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to study the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an immunomodulating dose of levamisole in weaned pigs. For that purpose, 20 weaned crossbred pigs were divided into two treatment groups. In this parallel-design study, a single dose of levamisole (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered by the intramuscular (i.m.) or oral (p.o.) route. Statistically significant differences between the i.m. and p.o. routes in terminal beta rate constant (β), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC) for plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable time point (AUC0-t) were determined. Further research is needed to establish a relationship between the PK and the immunomodulating effect of levamisole in pigs.

Phase I/IIa, randomized, open-label, drug-drug interaction study of trabectedin and rifampin in patients with advanced cancer.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13512-e13512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur P. Staddon ◽  
Trilok V. Parekh ◽  
Roland Elmar Knoblauch ◽  
Chi Keung ◽  
Apexa Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Cyp3a4 Inducer

e13512 Background: Trabectedin (Yondelis; T) is a tetrahydroisoquinoline compound initially isolated from the marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, and currently produced synthetically. It is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 enzyme. Thus, potent inducers or inhibitors of this enzyme may alter the plasma concentrations of T. This study assessed the effects of rifampin (R), a strong CYP3A4 inducer, on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of T. Methods: In this 2-way crossover study, patients (≥18 years of age) with locally advanced or metastatic disease were randomized (1:1) to receive one of the 2 treatment sequences: sequence 1: R plus T followed 28 days later by T; sequence 2: T followed 28 days later by R plus T. During each sequence, R (600 mg/day) was administered for 6 consecutive days and T (1.3 mg/m2, IV) was administered over a 3 hour infusion. Dexamethasone (20 mg, IV) was administered before T administration. PK and safety of T were evaluated with and without coadministration of R. Results: Of the 11 enrolled patients, 8 were PK evaluable. Coadministration of R with T decreased mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by approximately 22% and mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) by approximately 31% (Table 1). Coadministration of R with T also resulted in 23% shorter elimination half-life. Overall, the safety profile of T was comparable when administered alone or with R. Conclusions: In comparison with T alone, coadministration of R resulted in reduced systemic exposure of T in these 8 patients, as measured by Cmax and AUClast. The coadministration of potent inducers of CYP3A4 with T may increase the metabolic clearance of T. Clinical trial information: NCT01273480. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Comparison of Plasma and Intrapulmonary Concentrations of Nafithromycin (WCK 4873) in Healthy Adult Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Rodvold ◽  
Mark H. Gotfried ◽  
Rakesh Chugh ◽  
Mugdha Gupta ◽  
H. David Friedland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
The Third ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Repeated Dosing ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The nafithromycin concentrations in the plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and alveolar macrophages (AM) of 37 healthy adult subjects were measured following repeated dosing of oral nafithromycin at 800 mg once daily for 3 days. The values of noncompartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined from serial plasma samples collected over a 24-h interval following the first and third oral doses. Each subject underwent one standardized bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, or 48 h after the third dose of nafithromycin. The mean ± standard deviation values of the plasma PK parameters after the first and third doses included maximum plasma concentrations (C max) of 1.02 ± 0.31 μg/ml and 1.39 ± 0.36 μg/ml, respectively; times to C max of 3.97 ± 1.30 h and 3.69 ± 1.28 h, respectively; clearances of 67.3 ± 21.3 liters/h and 52.4 ± 18.5 liters/h, respectively, and elimination half-lives of 7.7 ± 1.1 h and 9.1 ± 1.7 h, respectively. The values of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 24 h postdosing (AUC0–24) for nafithromycin based on the mean or median total plasma concentrations at BAL fluid sampling times were 16.2 μg · h/ml. For ELF, the respective AUC0–24 values based on the mean and median concentrations were 224.1 and 176.3 μg · h/ml, whereas for AM, the respective AUC0–24 values were 8,538 and 5,894 μg · h/ml. Penetration ratios based on ELF and total plasma AUC0–24 values based on the mean and median concentrations were 13.8 and 10.9, respectively, whereas the ratios of the AM to total plasma concentrations based on the mean and median concentrations were 527 and 364, respectively. The sustained ELF and AM concentrations for 48 h after the third dose suggest that nafithromycin has the potential to be a useful agent for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02453529.)

scholarly journals Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Efficiency of Chemotherapy in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 324-332
Author(s):  
E. V. Kovaleva ◽  
G. T. Sinyukova ◽  
T. Yu. Danzanova ◽  
P. I. Lepedatu ◽  
E. A. Gudilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Liver Metastases ◽  
Colorectal Liver Metastases ◽  
Arterial Phase ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: to determine the possibilities of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in identifying and evaluating the efficiency of chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM).Material and methods. The investigation enrolled 28 patients with CLM. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 – 15 pretreatment patients; Group 2 – 13 posttreatment patients with process stabilization. All the patients underwent standard B-mode ultrasound of the liver and that using the contrast agent SonoVue ® (Bracco, Italy), by recording and estimating the parameters of the intensity-time curve (CIV). Liver CEUS assesses the nature of contrasting metastases in three phases (arterial, venous, and delay ones).Results. The investigators identified three types of contrast agent accumulation in CLM in the arterial phase: along the periphery of the lesions (in 60% of the patients of Group 1, in 76.9% in Group 2), homogeneously over the entire volume (in 26.7% in Group 1 and in 0.08% in Group 2), in parallel with intact liver parenchyma (13.3% in Group 1 and 23.02% in Group 2). In the delay phase, more metastases were detected in 4 cases (14.3%). Estimation of CIV parameters showed a difference at the beginning of contrast enhancement stages between the patients in both groups. Group 1 exhibited the early contrasting of liver metastases (19.3 sec); Group 2 displayed the late washout of a contrast agent (65.9 sec).Conclusion. CEUS versus B-mode ultrasound improves the imaging of liver metastases. The change in the vascular architectonics and hemodynamics in CLM after chemotherapy is reflected in the alteration of the rate of contrast accumulation and washout from the metastases, which allows CEUS to be used in the evaluation of the efficiency of this treatment.

scholarly journals Leukocyte and platelet markers of blood in the dynamics of the hospital period in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the ability to predict the development of long-term adverse events

2022 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
O. M. Parkhomenko ◽  
V. O. Shumakov ◽  
T. V. Talayeva ◽  
I. V. Tretyak ◽  
O. V. Dovhan
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Branch Group ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Complex Indicators ◽  
Group 1

The aim – to create a new method of assessing the development of long-term complications in STEMI patients by studying blood cell composition and its adaptation to practical application in general clinical practice.Materials and methods. The study was involved 148 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who was admitted from January 2014 to June 2020 to the intensive care unit. Some patients were evaluated retrospectively and were in group 1 (n=92). Group 2 – 56 patients, who were studied prospectively. The groups of patients did not differ in clinical and anamnestic characteristics and treatment. The study provided an annual observation period. The endpoint in group 1 was: death, stroke, exacerbation of coronary heart disease – including the need for revascularization, the developement or decompensation for heart failure, which led to hospitalization (in addition, group 2 was analyzed for onset of cardiac death).Results and discussion. There complex indicators were built, based on the analysis of the clinical profile and dynamics of laboratory parameters in patients with the onset of the endpoint – a modified leukocyte index (mLI), which contains the values ​​of the number and percentage of granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes on days 1, 3 and 10 of STEMI and leukocyte-platelet index (mLPI), which additionally includes indicators of platelet inhomogeneity in size (PDWc and P-LCR). These indices with their limit values ​​(mLI > 140 units and mLPI > 242 units) were more informative in predicting distant cardiovascular events than other laboratory markers (including neutrophil-leukocyte ratio, NLR). In a prospective study branch (group 2), the mLI and mLPI indicators also turned out to be more informative than other markers (in particular, the NLR indicator) in determining the propensity to occur as a combined endpoint (area under the curve 0.71 for both; p>0.0001), so and death (areas under the curve 0.78 and 0.84, respectively; p>0.0001). Based on the data obtained, a computer algorithm has been created that simplifies the risk assessment in AMI patients using the developed indicators.Conclusions. Created leukocyte and leukocyte-platelet indices are highly informative in predicting the risk of complications in patients within a year after AMI.

Epicardial obesity as a significant preclinical predictor of atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ott ◽  
G.A Chumakova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Brachiocephalic Arteries ◽  
Group 1

Abstract   Obesity is one of the significant factors of cardiovascular risk. Nowadays it is understood that it is visceral obesity (VO), which has metabolic activity due to the synthesis of adipokines, that determines cardiometabolic risk. The effect of epicardial obesity (EO), as a variant of VO on the formation of cardiometabolic risk (in particular coronary atherosclerosis) is being actively studied. The role of EO in the development of atherosclerosis of other localizations has been little studied. Objective To study the predictor value of EO as well as traditional criteria for obesity: body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for the formation of atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA). Materials and methods The study included 140 men 45.2±4.3 years old with arterial hypertension (AH) of the 1–3 degree and the absence of clinical manifestations and anamnesis of atherosclerosis of any localizations with a BMI of 20–35 kg /m2 and abdominal obesity according to WC ≥94 cm. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) measured behind the free wall of the right ventricle by echocardiography. Group 1 consisted of 60 patients with epicardial obesity (EAT ≥7 mm), group 2 included patients without epicardial obesity (EAT &lt;7 mm). Subclinical atherosclerosis of BCA was evaluated in all subjects using duplex brachiocephalic arteries (BCA). Results When assessing the thickness of the intima-media of the carotid arteries (TIM), a subclinical marker of BCA atherosclerosis, higher average TIM values in group 1 (EAT ≥7 mm) were revealed (1.09±0.34 mm versus 0.74±0, 05 mm in group 2 (EAT &lt;7 mm) (p=0.0001). Prevalence of subclinical BCA atherosclerosis from (20–45%) in group 1 patients was found in 57%, in group 2 only 4% (p=0.01). In the first group, hemodynamically significant asymptomatic BCA stenosis (50–65%) was found in 8% of patients. No hemodynamically significant BCA stenosis was detected in the second group. Using ROC analysis, the threshold value of EAT (9.25 mm) was obtained as a risk factor for hemodynamically significant stenoses of BCA (50% or more) with high prognostic significance (the area under the curve was 0.92). Using multivariate analysis of variance, the effect of various criteria of obesity on the formation of BCA atherosclerosis was studied. As a result of the analysis it was revealed that only EAT (p=0.02) influenced the development of BCA atherosclerosis (TIM more than 1.3 mm). WC and BMI did not affect the development of BCA subclinical atherosclerosis (p=0.21; p=0.24, respectively). Conclusions EO (EAT ≥7 mm) is an early marker of BCA subclinical atherosclerosis in contrast to the traditional criteria for obesity (BMI, WC). Patients with EAT of 9.25 mm or more need additional examinations and the appointment of pharmacotherapy aimed at the prevention of secondary complications. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Study of an Oral Cephalosporin, Cefdinir, in Hemodialysis Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1718-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Hishida ◽  
Kazuhisa Ohishi ◽  
Satoru Nagashima ◽  
Mitsutaka Kanamaru ◽  
Masao Obara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Oral Cephalosporin ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetics of cefdinir were investigated in six hemodialysis patients. For the present study, two tests were carried out, one with 4 h of hemodialysis and the other without hemodialysis. Cefdinir was given orally to each patient in a dose of 100 mg, and blood was collected serially for 48 h after dosing in the test without dialysis and for 72 h in the test with dialysis. In the test without dialysis, the maximum plasma concentration (C max) was 2.36 ± 0.53 μg/ml (mean ± standard deviation) and the time to C max was 9.00 ± 2.45 h. The terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were 16.95 ± 1.20 h and 69.05 ± 14.84 μg · h/ml, respectively. In the test with dialysis,t 1/2 during hemodialysis decreased approximately to one-sixth of that obtained in the test without dialysis, although t 1/2 in the latter elimination phase did not differ from that in the nondialysis test. AUC was reduced to 43% of that in the test without dialysis. The fractional removal of cefdinir by hemodialysis was 61%. These findings indicate that clearance of cefdinir is prolonged in patients with renal failure, and cefdinir is well removed by introduction of hemodialysis, although t 1/2 (during hemodialysis) and AUC were two and eight times higher than the data previously reported for healthy volunteers, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data suggest that 100 mg of oral cefdinir once a day would result in a sufficient concentration in plasma in hemodialysis patients, but this remains to be confirmed by multiple-dose studies.

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