scholarly journals Influence of the organisational and legal changes in the Municipal Sports and Recreation Centre on effectiveness of the provided services

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Wojciech Sońta
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Is Evaluation ◽  
A Company

The author of the article makes the research hypothesis that the local governments should join the restructuration programs of the municipal companies with more engagement because there are too less changes which would allow more efficient, cheaper and more competitive their management. Privatization is one of the restructuration methods recommended by the local governments which already have executed it. These are the actions which many local governments needlessly refrain and postpone them in time being afraid of sizes and scale of the changes in a company after their implementation. The local communities lose on such proceeding as they are forced to use expensive low-quality services. The purpose of the article is evaluation whether the change of the organisational and legal form from the budget unit to the limited liability company is effective. There will be used analysis of literature studies and source data concerning the Municipal Sports and Recreation Centre limited liability company in Radom to solve the created research problem. Results of the conducted research were included in the summary in points from 1 to 9, which prove that the assumed research?s goal in the article?s introduction has been achieved. 

Effectiveness of clauses restricting equity transfer in articles of association of limited liability companies using fuzzy AHP: A data analysis of related cases in China from 2010 to 20191

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Peng Chen ◽  
Yingzhi Nie
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analytic Hierarchical Process ◽  
Closed Characteristics ◽  
A Company ◽  
External Equity

Based on the company cases published in China over the past ten years, both theoretical methods and Artificial intelligence technologies were applied to analysis cases data on the effectiveness of clauses restricting equity transfer in articles of association of limited liability companies (LLCs). With its unique characters based on shareholders and strong vitality, limited liability company (LLC), as the “evergreen tree” among the market players, is a company form adopted by many investors. Nevertheless, due to its prominent closed characteristics, equity transfer has become a bottleneck for the development of LLCs. According to this paper, it is necessary to distinguish between the effectiveness of clauses restricting internal and external equity transfer in articles of association of LLCs. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) is utilized for which involves process of analytic hierarchy modelled with utilizing theory of fuzzy logic. Moreover, instead of being confined to the existing legal norms, the judgment standard of clauses restricting equity transfer in articles of association of LLCs should be comprehensively measured by the golden rules, i.e. “fairness”, “autonomy” and “operability”.

scholarly journals Authorized Failure: How is Company Status?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiany Alifia Lasnita ◽  
Muhamad Adji Rahardian Utama
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
Proof Of Ownership ◽  
Personal Wealth ◽  
A Company ◽  
A Share

The sense of the limited liability company is a legal entity to be able to run a business that has a capital consisting of a share, which its owners have lots of stock. Because it is composed of capital over shares that can be traded, and changes to the ownership of the company can be done without the need for a dissolution of a company. Limited liability company is a business entity and the magnitude of the capital company which are poured in a basic budget. The wealth of the company separate from the personal wealth of the owners of the company so that it can have its own treasures. Each person can have more than one stock which can be a proof of ownership of a company. The owner of the stock itself has a limited liability, i.e. as much as their shares. In the establishment of limited liability company also required permission and also some important documents that should be owned by a limited liability company to be its foundation.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB DIREKTUR PT PMA YANG TIDAK MENDAPATKAN PENGESAHAN SEBAGAI BADAN HUKUM DAN SUDAH MENJALANKAN USAHANYA BERDASARKAN PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS PT.X DAN PT.Y)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
I Gede Putra Wijaya ◽  
Christine S.T. Kansil
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Foreign Company ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
A Company

Foreign investors who want to invest in Indonesia must obey the existing rules, namely the Investment Law No. 25 of 2007. The investment law stipulates that if foreign investors want to do business in Indonesia, the foreign investor must establish a company in the form of a legal entity, namely a limited liability company. Requirements for foreign companies can be said as legal entities that must go through the stages of establishing a company until the company ratified by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. If a foreign company is not a legal entity, the foreign company is not legal and cannot be considered a legal subject in carrying out business activities in Indonesia. Regarding the liability of the foreign company that is to be borne by the private party not by the shareholders because the foreign company is not a legal entity. It is better if foreign investors want to carry out business activities in Indonesia that the business must be in the form of a legal entity in accordance with the investment law’s order to comply with the applicable rules and foreign investors can carry out their business activities properly.

scholarly journals Implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 dalam Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas

Acta Comitas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lidya Permata Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Know How ◽  
A Company

In order to overcome and eradicate the crime of money laundering the president has issued Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2018 concerning The Implementation of the Principles of Recognizing Beneficial Owners of Corporations in the Context of Prevention and Eradication of Acts Crime of Money Laundering and Crime of Terrorism Funding, so the problem in this study is how is the implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 13 of 2018 in the establishment of a limited liability company and whether the beneficial owner has implemented it. This study uses empirical legal research methods, because it wants to know how the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2018 in the establishment of a limited liability company and whether the beneficial owner has implemented it, to find out this study uses the facta approach and the statute approach. The results of this study are officials appointed by the company to inform the data of the beneficial owner of a company in accordance with Article 18 paragraph (3) of the Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2018, one of which is a Notary, that the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2018 in the establishment of limited liability companies is in the form of a Statement in which the beneficial owner states that it is true as the owner and depositor of funds within the company, but not all notaries want to implement Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2018 because, assuming that it will make a boomerang for the notary find out who is actually the beneficial owner of the company and here the notary is still subject to and cling to the Act of Notary Position which is only pouring out what the parties want into the deed. Demi menanggulangi dan memberantas kejahatan tindak pidana pencucian uang ini presiden telah membuat peraturan Presiden No. 13 pada tahun 2018 mengenai Penerapan Prinsip Mengenali Pemilik Manfaat Dari Korporasi Dalam Rangka Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang dan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme, sehingga permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 dalam pendirian perseroan terbatas dan apakah pemilik manfaat sudah ada yang menerapkannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris, dikarenakan ingin mengetahui bagaimanakah implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 dalam pendirian perseroan terbatas  dan apakah pemilik manfaat sudah ada yang menerapkannya, untuk mengetahuinya penelitian ini menggunakan suatu metode dengan pendekatan fakta atau istilah asingnya the facts approach dan dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan atau istilah asingnya the statute approach.  Hasil penelitian ini adalah pejabat yang ditunjuk oleh perusahaan untuk menginformasikan data pemilik manfaat dari suatu perusahaan sesuai pada Pasal 18 ayat (3) Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 yang salah satunya adalah Notaris, bahwa implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 dalam pendirian perseroan terbatas adalah dalam bentuk Surat Pernyataan yang di dalamnya adalah pemilik manfaat menyatakan bahwa memang benar selaku pemilik dan penyetor dana di dalam perusahaan, namun tidak semua notaris mau menerapkan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 tersebut karena, beranggapan bahwa akan menjadikan bumerang tersendiri bagi Notaris yang mengetahui siapa sebenarnya pemilik manfaat dari perusahaan tersebut dan disini notaris masih tunduk dan berpegang teguh dengan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris yaitu hanya menuangkan apa yang menjadi keinginan para pihak ke dalam akta.

PARTNERS’ OF A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LEGAL POSITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (31) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Klaudia Grzebiela
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Limited Partnership ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Limited Partnerships

The main purpose of this article is to present the role and position of partners in a limited partnership. The growing interest in choosing this organizational and legal form is due to its specificity. A limited partnership allows shaping the rights and obligations of the company’s partners, who are divided into two groups: general partners and limited partners. The reason for different legal nature of these entities who are relative to each other should be noticed. Furthermore their liability for the company’s liabilities is shaped differently, as well as the issue of running company’s affairs and its representation. Currently a common type of limited partnership called Limited Liability Limited Partnerships (LLLP), wherein Limited Liability Company as a legal person becomes the general partner. This legal solution is beneficial for its partners. In doctrine is considered as an atypical legal company.

scholarly journals PENCATATAN PERUBAHAN DIREKSI DI KEMENTERIAN TERKAIT SEBAGAI DASAR PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KEWENANGAN DIREKSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Maleakhi W. Sitompul
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Company

Research on the recording of changes to directors in the relevant Ministry, namely the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, aims to examine whether the authorized Directors in a company are Directors registered at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. In addition, it is also to examine whether the provisions of Law no. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies and / or the Company's Articles of Association is sufficient to resolve disputes of authority in the event of a dispute regarding the composition and number of directors in a company, which one has the right to act against other parties. Disputes regarding the composition and authority of the Board of Directors in a limited liability company often become disputes in court, even though Indonesia's positive legal provisions have provided clear and firm rules about who the Board of Directors can represent in and out of court. Based on research, it can be seen that the starting point is from the provisions in Law No. 40 of 2007 Articles 29 and 98, changes in the members of the board of directors can only be effective for third parties, as from the date the changes are recorded in the Company Register by the Minister of Law and Human Rights in accordance with Law No. 40 of 2007 Articles 29 and 98.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham Minoritas Pada Perseroan Terbatas Yang Melakukan Merger

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
I Kadek Sridana ◽  
I Nyoman Putu Budiartha ◽  
I Putu Gede Seputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Company

Abstract-Mergers can be said as a strategy or one way to increase a company, therefore there is a need for legal protection for minority shareholders if they do not agree with the merger but the merger is still implemented, and the shareholders are forced to accept the merger. The formulation of the problem in this case is (1) what is the position of the minority shareholders for the limited liability company that merges? (2) What is the legal protection of minority shareholders in a limited liability company that merges? This research method uses a normative research method by approaching the problem in the form of a draft law that relates to the problem under study. The sources of legal material to be used are sourced from research, the literature in the form of primary legal material and secondary legal material. The result of this study are the legal position of the minority shareholders of the company (PT) that carried out the merger has been regulated in Law number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies and in Government Regulation Number 27 of 1998 concerning merger, consolidation and takeover of the interests of minority shareholders. In general, the law of limited liability companies is a guideline in the framework of protecting minority shareholders. Protection of minority shares is one of the important things, especially when the company conducts legal actions such as mergers, both preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. Keywords: Legal protection, shareholders, mergers Abstrak- Merger dapat dikatakan sebagai strategi atau salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan suatu perusahaan oleh karena itu perlu adanya perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas apabila mereka tidak setuju dengan merger namun merger tetap dilaksanakan, dan pemegang saham tersebut dipaksakan untuk menerima merger tersebut. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam hal ini (1) Bagaimanakah kedudukan pemegang saham minoritas bagi perseroan terbatas yang melakukan merger? (2) Bagaimanakah perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas pada perseroan terbatas yang melakukan merger? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan melakukan pendekatan masalah berupa pedekatan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang dikaji. Adapun sumber bahan hukum yang akan digunakan yakni bersumber dari penelitian, kepustakaan berupa bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kedudukan hukum pemegang saham minoritas terhadap perusahaan (PT) yang melakukan merger, sudah diatur dalam Undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan terbatas serta dalam Peraturan pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 1998 tentang penggabungan, peleburan, dan pengambilalihan tentang kepentingan pemegang saham minoritas. Secara umum hukum perseroan terbatas menjadi pedoman dalam rangka perlindungan pemegang saham minoritas. Perlindungan terhadap saham minoritas merupakan salah satu hal yang penting terutama saat persroan melakukan perbuatan hukum seperti merger baik perlindungan hukum secara preventif maupun perlindungan hukum secara represif. Kata kunci: Perlindungan hukum, Pemegang saham, Merger

scholarly journals Application of EVA concept in business "SBB" limited liability company Belgrade

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Dragana Bešlić-Obradović ◽  
Ivana Bešlić-Rupić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
A Company

The contemporary business environment has imposed the need to continuously find and define new concepts and tools that support the strategic management of a company. Among them, Economic Value Added - EVA is considered as the essential principle for the evaluation of company performance in terms of shareholder return. EVA is taxable profit less the total cost of capital (borrowed and owned). The contribution of the EVA concept is reflected by looking at economic rather than accounting profits. This concept was adopted by many companies in Serbia, among which is also "SBB" limited liability company - Belgrade.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship of Cities through Business Companies in the Slovak Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Maroš Valach ◽  
Peter Ágh
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Long Term Experience

Abstract Local self-governments in the Slovak Republic have many possibilities to do business to capitalize their assets and generate their own budget revenues. The purpose of the article was to identify and evaluate business companies through which local selfgovernments conduct business from different perspectives. We focused on businesses with asset ownership of municipalities with city status. When analyzing businesses, we have taken into account their size, spatial layout, legal form, subject of activity, and their economy. Slovak cities have a long-term experience with conducting business through business companies. Most of these are companies with 100% ownership of the cities, in terms of the legal form of a limited liability company. The research results confirm that the significant effect of government-run business is the increase in the value of assets.

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