scholarly journals Entrepreneurship of Cities through Business Companies in the Slovak Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Maroš Valach ◽  
Peter Ágh
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Long Term Experience

Abstract Local self-governments in the Slovak Republic have many possibilities to do business to capitalize their assets and generate their own budget revenues. The purpose of the article was to identify and evaluate business companies through which local selfgovernments conduct business from different perspectives. We focused on businesses with asset ownership of municipalities with city status. When analyzing businesses, we have taken into account their size, spatial layout, legal form, subject of activity, and their economy. Slovak cities have a long-term experience with conducting business through business companies. Most of these are companies with 100% ownership of the cities, in terms of the legal form of a limited liability company. The research results confirm that the significant effect of government-run business is the increase in the value of assets.

Entrepreneurial activities of municipalities in the Slovak Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroš Valach ◽  
Monika Bumbalová
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Town ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Long Term Experience

Local self-governments in Slovakia have on their disposal several ways of performing entrepreneurial activities. In general municipal entrepreneurship leads to the appreciation of municipal assets and generation of additional own budget revenues. The aim of the paper was to identify and analyse commercial enterprises, through which local self-governments conduct entrepreneurial activities. Within the research, we focused on the enterprises with the property share of municipalities, which have the status of the town. The following factors were taken into account when analysing the municipal enterprises: number of enterprises, their distribution in regions, legal form, economic activity and their economic results. Research results point to the fact that Slovak municipalities have long-term experience in performing of entrepreneurial activities using the municipal enterprises. They are mostly enterprises with 100 percent ownership of towns, and in terms of legal form, they are mostly limited liability companies. As for the economic activities, these enterprises are active in the fields corresponding with the municipal competences. An important positive effect of the entrepreneurial activities of the local self-governments is the increase in the value of assets.

PARTNERS’ OF A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LEGAL POSITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (31) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Klaudia Grzebiela
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Limited Partnership ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Limited Partnerships

The main purpose of this article is to present the role and position of partners in a limited partnership. The growing interest in choosing this organizational and legal form is due to its specificity. A limited partnership allows shaping the rights and obligations of the company’s partners, who are divided into two groups: general partners and limited partners. The reason for different legal nature of these entities who are relative to each other should be noticed. Furthermore their liability for the company’s liabilities is shaped differently, as well as the issue of running company’s affairs and its representation. Currently a common type of limited partnership called Limited Liability Limited Partnerships (LLLP), wherein Limited Liability Company as a legal person becomes the general partner. This legal solution is beneficial for its partners. In doctrine is considered as an atypical legal company.

scholarly journals CROSS–BORDER MERGERS – THE CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC CEZHRANIČNÉ ZLÚČENIE ALEBO SPLYNUTIE

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Jarmila Lazíková ◽  
Lucia Belková ◽  
Zuzana Ilková ◽  
Jana Ďurkovičová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Registered Office

Abstract Cross-border mergers are regulated by the Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on crossborder mergers of limited liability companies. This article deals with the issue of cross-border mergers of limited liability companies within the internal market of the European Union, more precisely it analyzes the question of the concept of a cross-border merger under the European Union law and its implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. The legal definition of a cross-border merger under the European Union law comprises three key conditions that must be met cumulatively: cross-border merger is applicable only for a business company formed in accordance with the law of an EU Member State, having its registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community, and at the same time business company must be in an eligible legal form and a cross-border element must be given.

scholarly journals Regulation of legal relationship between shareholders in closely held companies on the example of the Croatian limited liability company 

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-90
Author(s):  
Edita Čulinović-Herc ◽  
Sonja Marinac Rumora
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Majority Shareholder

<span>This article analysis regulation of legal relationship between shareholders in closely held company. Authors define “closely held companies” by functional approach, analyzing specific features which distinguish this type of companies from all other companies, regardless of their legal form. Available data suggests there are a significant number of these companies in Croatia and abroad. There are two basic corporate governance challenges in closely held company concerning the shareholders relations: potential abuse of its position by the majority shareholder, especially when majority shareholder acts as manager and the so-called “deadlock” when shareholders cannot reach agreement on any decision necessary for normal functioning of the company. Personal relations between the shareholders are in the core of these corporate governance issues. The Croatian private limited liability company is a model of closely held company in Croatia. Thus, this article analysis the withdrawal and exclusion of shareholders in Croatian court practice and its significance for solving the conflicts between shareholders in order to preserve the company. Authors advocate for more extensive use of the right to autonomously regulate the relationships between the shareholders in closely held companies. In that regard, authors suggest to use articles of association for more precise regulation of shareholders relationship, to set higher quorum when deciding important decisions in shareholders’ meeting which would empower the minority shareholders, to leave the important decisions on governing the company in the scope of the shareholders’ meeting and other. Also, authors consider that formation of supervisory body could contribute to achieve balance between the shareholders, especially between the majority and minority shareholders. Set of recommendations set in corporate governance codes could be of great use when drafting the articles of association. In that regard, authors call for de lege ferenda implementation of such a code, following the established practice on the comparative level</span>

scholarly journals SUPPORT OF BUSINESS INNOVATION IN THE FORM OF TAX BENEFITS FOR R&D OF ENTREPRENEURS IN SLOVAKIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Lea Jančičková ◽  
◽  
Renáta Pakšiová ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Legal Forms

Since 2015, the tax advantage of the R&D of entrepreneurs in Slovakia has been in the form of indirect support of innovation and creativity in companies. It could be a competitive advantage for the entrepreneurs who apply them. They are important on the revenue level, e.g. in the creation of a new product and on the cost level, in streamlining the conduct of business. This article aims to analyze the application of super-deduction in tax due to R&D carried out by entrepreneurs in Slovakia from the first year and focuses on R&D in the Slovak Republic from 2015 to 2018. Theoretical interpretations of R&D in legislative standards at transnational and national levels, different tax policies on innovation and gross domestic spending are defined at the outset. The theoretical background is important from the point of view of understanding the R&D in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, where the following quantitative research is carried out. As the main method of investigation, we used the quantitative analysis and comparison that we use to compare the increasing number of companies that used the R&D cost (expenditure) deduction in the context of legal form in the period considered for the years 2015 to 2018 and the amounts of applied super-deduction for individual types of companies. The performed quantitative analysis shows a weak use of the provided income tax relief in the form of super-deduction of costs in connection with the implementation of R&D by companies in Slovakia, despite the year-on-year growing trend. Due to the relative representation of individual legal forms of entities in Slovakia, according to our research, Limited Liability Companies apply a super-deduction of R&D costs annually in the period under review. The number of these entities is constantly growing, as is the amount of the super-deduction applied. Based on the findings, we can state that the increased percentage deduction rate had a positive effect on the motivation of entrepreneurs to apply incentives.

scholarly journals Including Shareholders to Your Private Practice in Oral Surgery and Dentistry: Ukrainian Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 135-136
Author(s):  
Ivan Nagorniak
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Commercial Real Estate ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
Two Stages

Dental clinic/office launch and development is non-easy task, which require not only a lot of efforts but also some level of the investments, especially for the commercial real estate and expensive equipment. And very often the amount of finances which one person or family is bringing to business may not be sufficient. Including of shareholders can help to reach that goal. Including the partners (ie, cofounders or shareholders) to your private clinic/ office in a legal form of Limited Liability Company (LLC) are possible upon two stages: (1) upon the business launch and (2) upon the business existence. The second variant is more complicated and has to be analyzed.

scholarly journals Will the sup be an Effective Legal Form for smes as Well as for Subsidiaries within the European Union?

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-287
Author(s):  
Hylda Boschma ◽  
Hanny Schutte-Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Common Label

In 2014, the Commission published a proposal for a Directive that introduces a single- member private limited liability company, under a common label: Societas Unius Personae (sup), into the national legislation of the eu-Member States. In this publication it is examined what kind of legal forms of capital companies already exist in the eu-Member States and whether the sup is a welcome addition. The proposed legal form of the sup is analysed in order to answer the question whether the sup is an appropriate legal form for smes and subsidiaries. Furthermore attention is paid to issues which generally arise when the European legislator attempts to introduce a new legal enterprise-form, such as the sup. The authors conclude that there are no irreconcilable differences between the laws of the eu-Member States that might hinder the introduction of the sup. Also the European principles of subsidiarity and proportionality will not constitute an obstacle.

scholarly journals The Slovak Spa Industry and Spa Companies: Financial and Economic Situation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Róbert Štefko ◽  
Sylvia Jenčová ◽  
Petra Vašaničová
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Impact

Slovak spa companies significantly contribute to tourism support and to health tourism development. The paper aims to evaluate the financial situation and financial position of 21 Slovak spa companies, and the Slovak spa industry within NACE 86 - Human Health Activities and NACE 869 - Other Human Health Activities. In terms of legal form, the research sample consists of 16 joint-stock companies (Inc. (a.s.)), 3 limited liability companies (Ltd. (s.r.o.)), and 2 state-owned companies (s.o.). Data of given spa companies are obtained from their Financial Statements in Register of Financial Statements of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic. Data on mean values of the financial indicators for NACE 86 and NACE 869 were obtained from the company CRIF - Slovak Credit Bureau. We cover the period 2007-2018. Our results include an evaluation of the criterion of economic efficiency of the industry NACE 86, the sub-industry NACE 869, and individual spa companies using methods of quantifying the impact of determining factors. At the same time, we present the factors that influence development most. We determine the position of spa companies by using multidimensional scaling (MDS). Results show that the total assets turnover ratio and return on sales are contributing factors to the change of ROE to the greatest extent. MDS quantifies that Spa Bojice, a.s., has the best financial position in space, on the other hand, Specialized Medical Institute Marína, s.o., has the worst position.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS PRACTICE, FREIGHTAGE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (LLC)«VEHICLE FLEET OPERATOR-6» IN OMSK

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-488
Author(s):  
Федосеенкова ◽  
E. Fedoseenkova ◽  
Витвицкий ◽  
E. Vitvitskiy
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
The City

The article deals with substantial connection of practice and theory of building transportation of goods by road in the city of Omsk, reflecting the changes in the economy since 1991.

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