scholarly journals Changing fortunes and attitudes: what determines the political trust in modern Russia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Malkina ◽  
Vyacheslav N. Ovchinnikov ◽  
Konstantin A. Kholodilin
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Impact

Research background: We are guided by concepts linking political trust with the perceived rank of people in the wealth hierarchy, their confidence in other people, and the means they use to learn about events at home and abroad. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to assess and analyse at the micro level the impact of subjective welfare, interpersonal trust and the intensity of usage of television & radio or the Internet to search for news on political trust in four levels of Russian government. Methods: The study is based on microdata from the Life in Transition Surveys provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Ordinal logit regressions are constructed to evaluate the impact of test and control variables on political trust in the Russian president, federal, regional, and local governments in 2010 and 2016. Findings & value added: We identify a reverse of political trust in the upper levels of the Russian government between 2010 and 2016, when the impact of perceived welfare level changes from positive to negative. This phenomenon is explained by the focus of the policy of the federal centre on sup-porting the poor groups of the population, as well as its distancing from business. In contrast, the positive, albeit inconsistent, effect of subjective wealth on trust in lower-level governments is due to the benefits that businesses can gain from interaction with local authorities. We find the positive impact of controlled television and radio on trust in the upper echelons of power, along with the negative impact of the freer Internet on political trust in regional and local authorities. We also confirm the hypothesis of a positive and significant relationship between interpersonal and political trust, highlighting the role of social capital. Finally, our research shows that in systems of the hierarchical type, such as Russia, specific mechanisms for maintaining political trust are established. They are associated with the redistribution of public expectations and claims to different branches of government. The results obtained are applicable for managing political trust through building a democratic state and civil society.

scholarly journals The impact of employee remuneration inequalities on employee productivity in the South African workplace

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhardus Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
South African ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Employee Productivity ◽  
The South ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Impact

Orientation: This article is part of an ongoing research project on various aspects of employee productivity in the South African workplace.Research purpose: The aim of this article is to determine firm-based employee productivity impacts as a result of employee remuneration inequalities (excess-remuneration and under-remuneration) in the South African workplace.Motivation for the study: The study focuses on understanding the impact and magnitude of employee remuneration inequalities on employee productivity in a unionised South African workplace.Research design: The article adopts two distinct estimation models. The aim of the additive multivariate linear estimation model is to determine the sign and the significance of the impact of both under- and excess-remuneration levels on employee productivity when employee characteristics such as levels of training, work experience and managerial involvement are considered. The second model is a fixed-effect panel data estimation where the full sample set of the relevant firm-based data is used. The aim of the panel data estimations is to estimate the robustness of the additive multivariate linear estimates. The manufacturing industry of Gauteng has been chosen as the case study, given the importance of this industry, in the gross geographical product of Gauteng province and the availability of firm-based data.Main findings: Estimation results indicate a strong and significant negative impact of under-remuneration on employee productivity levels. Excess-remuneration levels have a small positive impact on employee productivity levels.Practical/managerial implications: The estimations indicate the necessity to eliminate remuneration inequalities and opt for equalised remuneration structures for similar occupations in the market to enhance employee productivity levels.Contribution/value-added: The study contributes to our understanding of the impact of remuneration inequalities for similar occupations on employee productivity.

scholarly journals Impact of pharmaceutical companies upon the economy and public finance in Poland: The Sanofi case study

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Ewelina Nojszewska
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Input Output ◽  
The Impact

The paper discusses a two-channel impact of pharmaceutical companies upon the economy and public finance. Firstly, pharmaceutical companies predominantly impact the net value added, employment, income of people employed by their suppliers and customers as well as public finance revenue in the countries where they are based. The mechanisms of such an influence are presented in the input-output matrix (input-output analysis) that shows how output from one industrial sector in the economy may become an input to another industrial sector. The input-output model was developed by Leontief and earned him the Nobel Prize. This kind of influence upon the Polish economy has been illustrated with the case study of the Sanofi company. Secondly, pharmaceutical products improve the effectiveness of medical treatment, by which they contribute to the higher standard of living and economic growth.In this part of investigation into the impact of pharmaceutical companies upon the economy the key method consists in calculating indirect costs, that is, the lost productivity (lost GDP). Non-generated GDP as well as the negative impact of diseases and the treatment thereof on public finance can be significantly reduced by using more effective pharmaceutical products. This second channel through which pharmaceutical companies exert influence on the economy has been illustrated with an example of economic consequences calculated from the social viewpoint for three gynaecological–oncology diseases. Our calculations for both channels in this exercise have led us to conclude that a pharmaceutical company positively influences its business partners and the economy while by improving the health of the population it exerts a positive impact upon the economy and public finance.

scholarly journals The Impact of GST on Indian Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1419-1421
Author(s):  
Rohan Navandhar
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Current System ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: In India, the idea of GST was contemplated in 2004 by the Task Force on implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003, named Kelkar Committee. The Kelkar Committee was convinced that a dual GST system shall be able to tax almost all the goods and services and the Indian economy shall be able to have wider market of tax base, improve revenue collection through levying and collection of indirect tax and more pragmatic approach of efficient resource allocation. Under the Goods and Service Tax , every person is be liable to pay tax on output and shall be entitled to enjoy credit on input tax paid and tax shall be only on the amount of value added. GST is a single national uniform tax levied across India on all goods and services. In GST, all Indirect taxes such as excise duty, central sales tax (CST)and value- added tax (VAT) etc. will be subsumed under a single regime. Introduction of The Goods and Services Tax (GST) expected as a significant step towards a comprehensive indirect tax reform in the country, which would lead India for its economic growth. The Proposed study is designed to know the impact on GST on Indian Economy with the Help of Its individual effect on different sectors. Under GST, goods and services fall under five tax categories: 0 per cent, 5 per cent, 12 per cent, 18 per cent and 28 per cent. For corporates, the elimination of multiple taxes will improve the ease of doing business. And for consumers, the biggest advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods. "Inflation will come down, tax avoidance will be difficult, India's GDP will be benefitted and extra resources will be used for welfare of poor and weaker section. The Lok Sabha has finally Passed the Goods and Services Tax Bill and it is expected to have a significant impact on every industry and every consumer. Apart from filling the loopholes of the current system, it is also aimed at boosting the Indian economy. Keywords: GST, Indian Economy, Positive Impact , Negative Impact, Central Government, State Government

scholarly journals A Panel Data Analysis Model to Assess the Impact of Institutional Factors on Crop Diversification of Assam, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
The Impact

The process of crop diversification is generally used in agriculture to mitigate both production and price risk. Crop diversification is a process through which farmers diversify his farm activities from one crop to different value added crops so that he minimizes the existing risk in his farm operation. Most of the studies in literature in context to crop diversification have identified different factors that influence crop diversification in their study area. However, very few studies have attempted to examine the impact of institutional factors on crop diversification at macro level by using district level panel data in Assam. Therefore, this study makes an attempt to examine the impact of institutional factors on crop diversification through panel analysis. To fulfill the objective of this paper secondary data have been collected from different issues of Statistical Hand Book of Assam, assamstate.com, RBI, etc. The overall results of this paper show that institutional factors like farm size have positive impact on crop diversification except institutional credit. Institutional credit has negative impact on crop diversification. This paper will definitely help to bring some policy changes in the macro level to optimize crop diversification in the region.

scholarly journals Intellectual Capital Performance and Profitability of Banks: Evidence from Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haris ◽  
HongXing Yao ◽  
Gulzara Tariq ◽  
Ali Malik ◽  
Hafiz Javaid
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Bank Profitability ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Country Specific

The study contributes to the existing literature on intellectual capital (IC) performance and profitability by extending evidence from Pakistan. The study examines the impact of IC performance on the profitability of Pakistani financial institutions. It further examines how corporate governance, bank specific, industry specific, and country specific indicators effect Pakistani banks’ profitability. The result reports both the linear and non-linear impact of IC performance on profitability, which affirms an inverted U–shaped relationship. Among the three value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) components, capital employed efficiency (CEE), and human capital efficiency (HCE) are found to have a significantly positive and structural capital efficiency (SCE) is found to have a significantly negative impact on bank profitability. The study notes a positive impact on profitability of factors like board independence, directors’ compensation, and higher capitalization. It reports a negative impact on profitability of factors like board size, board meetings, credit risk, industry concentration and economic growth. The results also indicate low profitability of banks during the period of government transition. The study provides insights into the important profitability drives and suggests that the impact of investment in IC on profitability is limited to an extent. The findings of this study are likely to be useful for policy makers, management, and academics.

Asymmetrical Attribution of Performance in China

Asian Survey ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-1003
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Chen Chen ◽  
Jun Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Multilevel Mediation ◽  
Dual Pathway ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Existing studies of the impact of economic development on political trust in China have two major gaps: they fail to explain how economic development contributes to the hierarchical trust pattern, and they do not pay enough attention to the underlying mechanisms. In light of cultural theory and political control theory, we propose adapting performance theory into a theory of “asymmetrical attribution of performance” to better illuminate the case of China. This adapted theory leads to dual pathway theses: expectation fulfillment and local blaming. Using a multilevel mediation model, we show that expectation fulfillment mainly upholds trust in the central government, whereas local blaming undermines trust in local governments. We also uncover a rural–urban distinction in the dual pathway, revealing that both theses are more salient among rural Chinese.

043 Sleep Restriction Affects Memory in Healthy Adults: Preliminary Findings

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A18-A19
Author(s):  
Molly Zimmerman ◽  
Christiane Hale ◽  
Adam Brickman ◽  
Lok-Kin Yeung ◽  
Justin Cochran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Condition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep loss has a range of detrimental effects on cognitive ability. However, few studies have examined the impact of sleep restriction on neuropsychological function using an experimental design. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which maintained insufficient sleep affects cognition in healthy adults compared to habitual adequate sleep. Methods This study used a randomized, crossover, outpatient sleep restriction design. Adults who regularly slept at least 7 h/night, verified by 2 weeks of screening with actigraphy, completed 2 phases of 6 weeks each: habitual sleep (>7 h of sleep/night) or sleep restriction (habitual sleep minus 1.5 h) separated by a 6-week washout period. During the sleep restriction phase, participants were asked to delay their bedtime by 1.5 hours/night while maintaining their habitual wake time. Neuropsychological function was evaluated with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at baseline (week 0) and endpoint (week 6) of each intervention phase. The NIH Toolbox evaluates a range of cognitive abilities, including attention, executive functioning, and working memory. General linear models with post hoc paired t-tests were used to assess demographically-adjusted test scores prior to and following each sleep condition. Results At the time of analyses, 16 participants were enrolled (age 34.5□14.5 years, 9 women), 10 of whom had completed study procedures. An interaction between sleep condition and testing session revealed that individuals performed worse on List Sorting, a working memory test, after sleep restriction but improved slightly after habitual sleep (p<0.001). While not statistically reliable, the pattern of test results was similar on the other tests of processing speed, executive function, and attention. Conclusion In these preliminary results from this randomized experimental study, we demonstrated that sleep restriction has a negative impact while stable habitual adequate sleep has a positive impact on working memory, or the ability to temporarily hold information in mind while executing task demands. This finding contributes to our understanding of the complex interplay between different aspects of sleep quality (i.e., both sleep restriction as well as the maintenance of stable sleep patterns) on cognition and underscores the importance of routine sleep screening as part of medical evaluations. Support (if any):

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Communication and Success of Construction Projects: The Mediating Role of Conflict

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4513
Author(s):  
Summaira Malik ◽  
Muhammad Taqi ◽  
José Moleiro Martins ◽  
Mário Nuno Mata ◽  
João Manuel Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Project Success ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Project Team ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Impact

The success of a construction project is a widely discussed topic, even today, and there exists a difference of opinion. The impact of communication and conflict on project success is an important, but least addressed, issue in literature, especially in the case of underdeveloped countries. Miscommunication and conflict not only hinder the success of a project but also may lead to conflicts. The focus of this paper was to examine the impact of communication on project success with the mediating role of conflict. By using SPSS, demographics, descriptive statistics and correlation were determined. Smart PLS version 3.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal accuracy and validity estimates, hypothesis checking and mediation testing. The results showed that formal communication has a negative impact on the success of a construction project, resulting in conflicts among project team members, whereas informal communication and communication willingness have a positive impact on project success because people tend to know each other, and trust is developed. Task, process and relationship conflicts were used as mediating variables. It was found that task conflict effects the relations positively because project team members suggest different ways to do a certain task, and, hence, project success is achieved. On the contrary, process conflict and relationship conflict have a negative impact on communication and project success. Both of these conflicts lead to miscommunication, and project success is compromised. Hence, it is the responsibility of the project manager to enhance communication among project team members and to reduce the detrimental effects of process and relationship conflict on project success.

scholarly journals Environmental Regulation, Environmental Awareness and Environmental Governance Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3960
Author(s):  
Meng-Meng Geng ◽  
Ling-Yun He
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

It is a problem worth thinking about whether the government’s environmental regulation policies can meet the residents’ requirements for environmental quality, and benefit the people. The study of the public’s subjective evaluation can more intuitively judge whether the government’s environmental regulation has realized “ecological benefits for the people”. Based on the data of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2013, this paper studied the impact of environmental regulation and environmental awareness on environmental governance satisfaction by an ordered probit model. The study found that environmental regulation has a significant positive impact on environmental governance satisfaction, while environmental awareness has a significant negative impact on environmental governance satisfaction. We also found that when public environmental awareness is taken into account, the positive relationship between environmental regulation and environmental governance satisfaction is affected. The robustness test proved this conclusion.

The Impact of the Business Environment on the Formalization of Informal Firms. The Case of Kosovo

Südosteuropa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-529
Author(s):  
Kujtim Zylfijaj ◽  
Dimitar Nikoloski ◽  
Nadine Tournois
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe research presented here investigates the impact of the business environment on the formalization of informal firms, using firm-level data for 243 informal firms in Kosovo. The findings indicate that business-environment variables such as limited access to financing, the cost of financing, the unavailability of subsidies, tax rates, and corruption have a significant negative impact on the formalization of informal firms. In addition, firm-level characteristics analysis suggests that the age of the firm also exercises a significant negative impact, whereas sales volume exerts a significant positive impact on the formalization of informal firms. These findings have important policy implications and suggest that the abolition of barriers preventing access to financing, as well as tax reforms and a consistent struggle against corruption may have a positive influence on the formalization of informal firms. On the other hand, firm owners should consider formalization to be a means to help them have greater opportunities for survival and growth.

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