scholarly journals Komoditi Lada dan Praktik Kapitalisme di Sumatera Selatan Pada Abad XVIII - Awal Abad XX

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-236
Author(s):  
Aryandini Novita ◽  
Muhamad Nofri Fahrozi ◽  
Muhamad Alnoza
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
The South ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
The Past

Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the cultivated plants and since the past has become a commodity traded in international commerce. In the past several regions of the archipelago have cultivated pepper, such as Banten, southern Sumatra, and Aceh. This paper aims to describe the ebb and flow of pepper as a trading commodity during the 18th to early 20th centuries concerning the practice of capitalism in the South Sumatra region. The method of articles is a literature study with data sources the result of archaeology research and history research as well as other library data related to pepper as commodities in the South Sumatra region during the 18th century to the early 20th century. The results showed that colonialism had encouraged pepper production in South Sumatra on a large scale. However, along with changes in global market demand, there has been a change in the orientation of the cultivation of commodity crops so that it can be said that colonialism also brought down pepper production.

Postmodern Curriculum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Krasny ◽  
Patrick Slattery
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
First Nations People

Postmodernism is a mid-20th-century response to 18th-century Enlightenment rationality. As a movement that developed across a diverse range of disciplines, it is not so much defined by a distinct chronology but rather is predicated on a recognition of the past and has come to represent a way of operating. The late Italian semiotician and writer Umberto Eco argued from an ideological point of view that every period in history has had its postmodernism. Architect and critical theorist Charles Jencks further polemicized postmodernism as a specific form of cultural resistance. In his view, postmodernism operates as a communicative set of values to address the needs of a society, and he cites architecture’s response to the pressing need for mass housing and large-scale urban redevelopment as an example of postmodern innovation. Inspired by postmodernism as a critical movement in the arts, architecture, and philosophy, postmodern curriculum similarly works to reject the universalizing ideals of modernity. It shares Jencks’s polemic stance and would have us reimagine the literal and metaphorical bricks and mortar of schools, colleges, and universities to advance a broader understanding of curriculum with the aim of addressing the need to provide fair and equitable access to education. The postmodern notion that the past has everything to do with the present is central to decolonizing efforts aimed at acknowledgment and reconciliation of the devastating and oppressive ends of curriculum as institutions. For example, government-sponsored residential schools in Canada and the United States stand as a glaring example of the abject failure of modern education to embrace the communicative ideals of postmodernism in its response to First Nations people. Postmodern curriculum is committed to a decentering and challenging agenda aimed at exposing and undermining master narratives of truth, language, knowledge, and power. Dynamic and responsive, postmodern curriculum’s holistic and ecological approach to education works to dissolve the artificial boundary between the outside community and the classroom to celebrate and honor the interconnectedness of knowledge, experience, international and local communities, the natural world, and life itself.

scholarly journals A Potent Peroxidase from Solid Cell Culture of Ocimum Basilicum with High Sensitivity for Blood Glucose Determination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Mohammadnejad ◽  
Saeed Soleimani Asl ◽  
Zahra Rasoulian ◽  
Saeed Aminzadeh ◽  
Jaleh Ghashghaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Glucose Determination

Abstract Objectives Extensive applications of peroxidase (POX) have raised the global market demand at a considerable rate during the forecast period of 2020 - 2025. Nonetheless, the large-scale POX preparation still relies on the extraction from agricultural products, while there is an accumulative driving force toward employing biotechnological processes with agricultural hassle free identity. In pursuit of this trend; Results, A novel heme peroxidase was purified to homogeneity (MW of 40 kD) from the callus culture of Ocimum basilicum L. in darkness on Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10-6 M) and kinetin (10-5 M). The highest activity of the purified peroxidase (ObPOX) was observed in Tris-base buffer at pH 7.5 and 80 °C. ObPOX showed high stability over pH(s) 5 to 7.5 and temperatures of 15 to 60 °C. ObPOX specific activity was 1245.142 AU mg-1 in the presence of phenol, 4 times higher than that of HRP. ObPOX showed moderate affinity for guaiacol (Km = 21.5 mM), but obtained an exceptionally high specificity constant (kcat/Km = 66743.7 s-1M-1) for GASA (4-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) azo]-benzenesulfonic acid), the introduced substrate for determination of blood sugar. Applying ObPOX instead of HRP in glucose measurements of the real samples improved the regression constant of the correlation diagram between the tests and the lab results from 0.958 to 0.981. Conclusion Physicochemical properties of ObPOX as well as the growth rate of basil callus (5.04 g L-1 per day) and the yield of ObPOX production (35 mg per 100 g dry biomass per subculture) designates O. basilicum cell culture for large-scale production of a robust peroxidase.

Forward-Looking Retrospection: Enharmonicism in the Classical Era

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Telesco
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Tonal System

Enharmonicism steps to the fore only occasionally in 18th-century music. Indeed, over the past two centuries, it has been commonly assumed that it was invoked only when a special affect demanded it (as in the much-discussed "Dance of the Furies" from Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie). But a survey of 18th-century music refutes this perception and reveals that the enharmonicism of the 18th century can be broadly defined as belonging to one of two categories: simultaneous or immediate enharmonicism, and retrospective enharmonicism. Most early 18th-century examples restrict their usage to the simultaneous/immediate type, which consists of reinterpretations of enharmonic pivot chords. Retrospective enharmonicism, on the other hand, is less common than immediate enharmonicism but is remarkable because it presages the expansion of the diatonic tonal system into the chromatic tonal system of the 19th century. Retrospective enharmonicism does not involve the reinterpretation of an enharmonic pivot chord, nor is a reinterpretation perceived at any one point; it becomes clear only in retrospect that one must have occurred. Rather than a negation of some resolution tendency, as happens in the reinterpretation of a dominant seventh as an augmented sixth, there is a (typically large-scale) trajectory away from some tonic which is eventually regained through the enharmonic door. Some note or chord is respelled as its enharmonic equivalent, but without any aural clue. Drastic key changes of the sort typically encountered in instances of retrospective enharmonicism are for the most part proscribed in the writings of such composers and theorists as Rameau, Kirnberger, Koch, Heinichen, and Vogler, all of whom wrote in detail about staying within an orbit of closely related keys and rarely going directly from one key to another too far away. Nevertheless, this type of enharmonicism was a recognized compositional resource which, though used relatively infrequently in the 18th century, came to occupy a more central place in the realm of available compositional techniques in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Healing the Past: A Comparative Analysis of the Waitangi Tribunal and the South African Land Claims System

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Liesle Theron
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
African Society ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Waitangi Tribunal ◽  
Past Injustices

Land is of great social and economic importance in both New Zealand and South African society. The large scale dispossession of the indigenous people in both countries has had drastic consequences for them. The attempts that are being made to address these grievances, and thereby reverse the effects of past injustices, reflect the current political situation in each country. This article is concerned with claims for restitution and the institutions designed to facilitate them - the Waitangi Tribunal and the South African Land Claims Commission and Land Claims Court - and investigates which aspects of such mechanisms are effective and what lessons they have to offer.

scholarly journals Dukungan Pemerintah Dan Strategi Keberlanjutan Bisnis Ukm Korea Selatan Di Tengah Pandemi Covid 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Ratnaningsih Hidayati ◽  
Nadya Megawati Rachman
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
The South ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
South Korean Government ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Korean Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Global pandemic of COVID-19 has bee creating economic disruption in many countries including South Korea. The decline in the trade sector due to the COVID-19 pandemic does not only affect large-scale industries. The Small and Medium Enterprises sector is also affected by the impact of the implementation of various policies in place to anticipate the spread of this virus. This study aims to provide an overview of government policies and business strategies for South Korean SMEs in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic and this study is also expected to provide input for the Government to design appropriate, fast and quality economic recovery programs for SMEs affected by COVID-19. . This paper uses a qualitative approach. The data collection technique was carried out through literature study / literature study and interviews with the Republic of Indonesia Trade Representative in South Korea. The results showed that as a country that was first affected by COVID-19, the response of the South Korean government was relatively fast and sufficient to guarantee business continuity for SMEs, there are five main policies implemented by the South Korean Government and five Business Strategies of SMEs in dealing with COVID- 19.

scholarly journals A Potent Peroxidase from Solid Cell Culture of Ocimum Basilicum with High Sensitivity for Blood Glucose Determination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Mohammadnejad ◽  
Saeed Soleimani Asl ◽  
Zahra Rasoulian ◽  
Saeed Aminzadeh ◽  
Jaleh Ghashghaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Glucose Determination

Abstract Extensive applications of peroxidase (POX) have raised the global market demand at a considerable rate during the forecast period of 2020 - 2025. Nonetheless, the large-scale POX preparation still relies on the extraction from agricultural products, while there is an accumulative driving force toward employing biotechnological processes with agricultural hassle free identity. In pursuit of this trend, a novel heme peroxidase was purified to homogeneity (MW of 40 kD) from the callus culture of Ocimum basilicum L. in darkness on Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10-6 M) and kinetin (10-5 M). The highest activity of the purified peroxidase (ObPOX) was observed in Tris-base buffer at pH 7.5 and 80 °C. ObPOX showed high stability over pH(s) 5 to 7.5 and temperatures of 15 to 60 °C. ObPOX specific activity was 1245.142 AU mg-1 in the presence of phenol, 4 times higher than that of HRP. ObPOX showed moderate affinity for guaiacol (Km = 21.5 mM), but obtained an exceptionally high specificity constant (kcat/Km = 66743.7 s-1M-1) for GASA (4-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) azo]-benzenesulfonic acid), the introduced substrate for determination of blood sugar. Applying ObPOX instead of HRP in glucose measurements of the real samples improved the regression constant of the correlation diagram between the tests and the lab results from 0.958 to 0.981. Physicochemical properties of ObPOX as well as the growth rate of basil callus (5.04 g L-1 per day) and the yield of ObPOX production (35 mg per 100 g dry biomass per subculture) designates O. basilicum cell culture for large-scale production of a robust peroxidase.

scholarly journals A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1309-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vuille ◽  
S. J. Burns ◽  
B. L. Taylor ◽  
F. W. Cruz ◽  
B. W. Bird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
Se Brazil ◽  
Isotopic Proxies

Abstract. We review the history of the South American summer monsoon (SASM) over the past ~2000 yr based on high-resolution stable isotope proxies from speleothems, ice cores and lake sediments. Our review is complemented by an analysis of an isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) for the past 130 yr. Proxy records from the monsoon belt in the tropical Andes and SE Brazil show a very coherent behavior over the past 2 millennia with significant decadal to multidecadal variability superimposed on large excursions during three key periods: the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the current warm period (CWP). We interpret these three periods as times when the SASM's mean state was significantly weakened (MCA and CWP) and strengthened (LIA), respectively. During the LIA each of the proxy archives considered contains the most negative δ18O values recorded during the entire record length. On the other hand, the monsoon strength is currently rather weak in a 2000-yr historical perspective, rivaled only by the low intensity during the MCA. Our climatic interpretation of these archives is consistent with our isotope-based GCM analysis, which suggests that these sites are sensitive recorders of large-scale monsoon variations. We hypothesize that these centennial-scale climate anomalies were at least partially driven by temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere and in particular over the North Atlantic, leading to a latitudinal displacement of the ITCZ and a change in monsoon intensity (amount of rainfall upstream over the Amazon Basin). This interpretation is supported by several independent records from different proxy archives and modeling studies. Although ENSO is the main forcing for δ18O variability over tropical South America on interannual time scales, our results suggest that its influence may be significantly modulated by North Atlantic climate variability on longer time scales. Finally, our analyses indicate that isotopic proxies, because of their ability to integrate climatic information on large spatial scales, could complement more traditional proxies such as tree rings or documentary evidence. Future climate reconstruction efforts could potentially benefit from including isotopic proxies as large-scale predictors in order to better constrain past changes in the atmospheric circulation.

scholarly journals A review of the South American Monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 637-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vuille ◽  
S. J. Burns ◽  
B. L. Taylor ◽  
F. W. Cruz ◽  
B. W. Bird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
Se Brazil ◽  
Isotopic Proxies

Abstract. We review the history of the South American summer monsoon (SASM) over the past ~2000 yr based on high-resolution stable isotope proxies from speleothems, ice cores and lake sediments. Our review is complemented by an analysis of an isotope-enabled atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM) for the past 130 yr. Proxy records from the monsoon belt in the tropical Andes and SE Brazil show a very coherent behavior over the past 2 millennia with significant decadal to multidecadal variability superimposed on large excursions during three key periods, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Current Warm Period (CWP). We interpret these three periods as times when the SASM's mean state was significantly weakened (MCA and CWP) and strengthened (LIA), respectively. During the LIA each of the proxy archives considered contains the most negative δ18O values recorded during the entire record length. On the other hand the monsoon strength is currently rather weak in a 2000-yr historical perspective, rivaled only by the low intensity during the MCA. Our climatic interpretation of these archives is consistent with our isotope-based GCM analysis, which suggests that these sites are sensitive recorders of large-scale monsoon variations. We hypothesize that these centennial-scale climate anomalies were at least partially driven by temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere and in particular over the North Atlantic, leading to a latitudinal displacement of the ITCZ and a change in monsoon intensity over the tropical continent. This interpretation is supported by several independent proxy archives and modeling studies. Although ENSO is the main forcing for δ18O variability over tropical South America on interannual time scales, our results suggest that its influence may be significantly modulated by North Atlantic climate variability on longer time scales. Finally our analyses indicate that isotopic proxies, because of their ability to integrate climatic information on large spatial scales, could complement more traditional proxies such as tree rings or historical archives. Future climate reconstruction efforts could potentially benefit from including isotopic proxies as large-scale predictors in order to better constrain past changes in the atmospheric circulation.

scholarly journals The South American Monsoon Variability over the Last Millennium in CMIP5/PMIP3 simulations

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 5651-5681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rojas ◽  
P. A. Arias ◽  
V. Flores-Aqueveque ◽  
A. Seth ◽  
M. Vuille
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
South American ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Monsoon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. In this paper we assess South American Monsoon System (SAMS) variability throughout the Last Millennium as depicted by the Coupled Modelling Intercomparison Project version 5/Paleo Modelling Intercomparison Project version 3 (CMIP5/PMIP3) simulations. High-resolution proxy records for the South American monsoon over this period show a coherent regional picture of a weak monsoon during the Medieval Climate Anomaly period and a stronger monsoon during the Little Ice Age (LIA). Due to the small forcing during the past 1000 years, CMIP5/PMIP3 model simulations do not show very strong temperature anomalies over these two specific periods, which in turn do not translate into clear precipitation anomalies, as suggested by rainfall reconstructions in South America. However, with an ad-hoc definition of these two periods for each model simulation, several coherent large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies were identified. The models feature a stronger Monsoon during the LIA associated with: (i) an enhancement of the rising motion in the SAMS domain in austral summer, (ii) a stronger monsoon-related upper-troposphere anticyclone, (iii) activation of the South American dipole, which results to a certain extent in a poleward shift in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone and (iv) a weaker upper-level sub tropical jet over South America, this providing important insights into the mechanisms of these climate anomalies over South America during the past millennium.

scholarly journals FROM PORTUGAL TO THE COLONIES: CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTUGUESE EXILES AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Liliana Andreia Valente Neves
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Social Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
South American ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Times

The exile penalty has been widely used by the portuguese justice over the past centuries. The exiled were forced to cross the Atlantic in the direction of Brazil, Africa and Asia, where they fulfilled the punishment. The constant sending of large human contingents to colonial territories demonstrates the interests that the Crown had in removing the criminals from the metropolis. However, it can be an indicator of other objectives, such as the population and effective possession of the places where they were destined. This reality caused variations in the fate of the exiles according to the times and the needs that the Crown had in different periods. Thus, several authors agree that the sending of exiles to the colonies was aimed at occupation, defence, settlement and contribution to miscegenation in these territories. Through this research work, we seek to carry out a comparative study where we highlight the differences between the sending of exiles to the South American and African colonial territories. We also seek to get to know these individuals seeking to know their social status, profession, crime, age, marital status, place of birth, destination of exile and time of sentence. It was also our intention to analyze how the process of sending these individuals overseas was carried out, the time between the condemnation and their departure, how they were shipped, who was in charge of taking them to their destination and who guaranteed their survival during the trip.

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