scholarly journals Influence of Crosslinking Agent Concentration on The Microencapsulation Parameters of Collagen Hydrolysate-Walled Microcapsules

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ahmet Aslan ◽  
Bugra Ocak
Keyword(s):  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Definitive Solution ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Great Pressure

Despite being a lot of discussion, a large amount of chrome tanned leather is still being tanned in the world. After tanning with chrome, chrome solid leather wastes occurred. These chrome wastes arise during mechanical processes such as trimming, shaving, buffing and splitting. These solid wastes containing trivalent chromium and may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium by the appropriate conditions in the landfill areas. Increasing environmental awareness and regulations have been making great pressure on the leather industry. Nowadays, solid leather wastes tanned with chromium are assessed by hydrolysis with the enzyme in high alkaline media and can subsequently be used for several applications. However, there is still no definitive solution to these chromed solid leather wastes. In this study, microcapsules of collagen hydrolysate cross-linked with glutaraldehyde containing Lavender essential oil were prepared by coacervation method. The influence of crosslinking agent concentration on the oil load (%), oil content (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) of lavender oil microcapsules were investigated. As the crosslinking agent concentration increased, the oil load (%) decreased but oil content (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) of microcapsules increased. The best result obtained by using 5 g of collagen hydrolysate, 7 ml of glutaraldehyde and 7 ml of lavender oil.

scholarly journals Influence of Crosslinking Agent Concentration on The Microencapsulation Parameters of Collagen Hydrolysate-Walled Microcapsules

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ahmet Aslan ◽  
Bugra Ocak
Keyword(s):  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Definitive Solution ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Great Pressure

Despite being a lot of discussion, a large amount of chrome tanned leather is still being tanned in the world. After tanning with chrome, chrome solid leather wastes occurred. These chrome wastes arise during mechanical processes such as trimming, shaving, buffing and splitting. These solid wastes containing trivalent chromium and may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium by the appropriate conditions in the landfill areas. Increasing environmental awareness and regulations have been making great pressure on the leather industry. Nowadays, solid leather wastes tanned with chromium are assessed by hydrolysis with the enzyme in high alkaline media and can subsequently be used for several applications. However, there is still no definitive solution to these chromed solid leather wastes. In this study, microcapsules of collagen hydrolysate cross-linked with glutaraldehyde containing Lavender essential oil were prepared by coacervation method. The influence of crosslinking agent concentration on the oil load (%), oil content (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) of lavender oil microcapsules were investigated. As the crosslinking agent concentration increased, the oil load (%) decreased but oil content (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) of microcapsules increased. The best result obtained by using 5 g of collagen hydrolysate, 7 ml of glutaraldehyde and 7 ml of lavender oil.

scholarly journals A low-cost and water resistant biomass adhesive derived from the hydrolysate of leather waste

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 4024-4029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Zhou ◽  
Teng Xu ◽  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Xuepin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Leather Waste

A low-cost and water resistant biomass adhesive was prepared by using collagen hydrolysate extracted from leather wastes as the starting material and silane coupling agent as the crosslinking agent.

scholarly journals Hydrolysis of tanned leather wastes under alkaline, acidic and oxidative conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Tatjana Botic ◽  
Nadezda Iliskovic
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Basic Step ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Supporting Material ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Different wastes in large quantities are the outcome or the by-product of processes in the tanning industry. The largest part of solid wastes is collagen based and obtained in the reprocessing steps of tanned and non-tanned products. The quality collagen substance obtained from wastes of the leather industry used as a supporting material in many reprocessing industries. Hydrolysis is the basic step of collagen processing, namely the shortening of its polypeptide chain. The main goal of this investigation was to examine the influence of the following parameters on the extent of collagen hydrolysis: type and quantity of reagent used for hydrolysis temperature of hydrolysis, pH, duration of hydrolysis as well as the dimensions of the "shavings" samples. The change of molar mass during hydrolysis was monitored by UV-spectroscopy. Special attention was paid to the dechroming process of the collagen hydrolysate.

Development of Oral Chewable Tablets Containing Montelukast Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Childhood Asthma: Preclinical Study in Animal Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-791
Author(s):  
Ye Liu ◽  
Guihua Xia ◽  
Shaosheng Liu ◽  
Zhenyu Song
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Saturation Solubility ◽  
Chewable Tablets

The aim of the present study was to formulate oral chewable tablets of Montelukast (MTL) in the form of nanoparticles (NP’s). The MTL loaded NP’s were formulated by ionotropic external gelation method using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent and Tween 60 as surfactant. NP’s were characterized for drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, saturation solubility, particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index. The optimized NP formulation was used for development of chewable tablets using direct compression method. The prepared tablets were characterized for disintegration test, dissolution, thickness, hardness, friability and assay. The optimized formulation was evaluated in asthamatic animals to demonstrate the efficiency in asthama. The encapsulation efficiency of NP’s was found between 91.24 to 98.21% while drug loading was in the range of 10.09–14.25%. All formulations were found of nanosized in nature (110 to 200 nm) with excellent zeta potential (20.12 to 22.27 mV). PDI of all NP formulations were found within acceptable limit (less than 0.3). The nanoparticles were found spherical in shape with smooth surface. The saturation solubility of MTL was enhanced nearly 10 times (92 mg/ml) as compared to pure MTL saturation solubility. All physical parameters of the tablets were found within range. The optimized tablets showed disintegration time of 20 sec while other formulations showed DT in the rage of 35–57 sec. Tab1 (Optimized formulation) showed almost 100% MTL release from chewable tablets within the period of 30 min. Reduction in lung resistance (RI) was found in animals treated with Tab1. This reduction in RI was found nearly two fold and three fold as compare to MTL treated and control group animals. These observations clearly support the efficacy of chewable tablets containing nanoparticulate MTL in asthmatic animals.

Total control of chromium in tanneries – thermal decomposition of filtration cake from enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome shavings

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kocurek ◽  
K Kolomazník ◽  
M Bařinová ◽  
J Hendrych
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Chromium Content ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Products ◽  
Total Control ◽  
Magnesium Removal ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

This paper deals with the problem of chromium recovery from chrome-tanned waste and thus with reducing the environmental impact of the leather industry. Chrome-tanned waste was transformed by alkaline enzymatic hydrolysis promoted by magnesium oxide into practically chromium-free, commercially applicable collagen hydrolysate and filtration cake containing a high portion of chromium. The crude and magnesium-deprived chromium cakes were subjected to a process of thermal decomposition at 650°C under oxygen-free conditions to reduce the amount of this waste and to study the effect of magnesium removal on the resulting products. Oxygen-free conditions were applied in order to prevent the oxidation of trivalent chromium into the hazardous hexavalent form. Thermal decomposition products from both crude and magnesium-deprived chrome cakes were characterized by high chromium content over 50%, which occurred as eskolaite (Cr2O3) and magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4) crystal phases, respectively. Thermal decomposition decreased the amount of chrome cake dry feed by 90%. Based on the performed experiments, a scheme for the total control of chromium in the leather industry was designed.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Citrus Aurantifolia Lime Oils Microcapsules by Complex Coacervation Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Euis Julaeha ◽  
Mohamad Nurzaman ◽  
Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy ◽  
Dikdik Kurnia ◽  
Sandra Puspita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Complex Coacervation ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Ratio Speed ◽  
Improved Performance

The Lime oil of Citrus aurantifolia was microencapsulated by coacervation technique employing gelatine and alginates as the shells, and calcium chloride as cross linker. Optimization of core/shell ratio, speed and temperature of stirring was carried out. Structure and shape of the microcapsules were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The properties of microcapsules such as, yield, particle size distribution, oil content, oil load, and encapsulation efficiency were also determined. Upon condition of ratio core/shell 0.49, speed and temperature of stirring at 600 rpm and 35 �C respectively, the microcapsules of LOs with improved performance were achieved with efficiency of 46% and oil content of 78%.

scholarly journals Study of the dechroming of tanned leather wastes

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Tatjana Botic ◽  
Nadezda Iliskovic ◽  
Dijana Drljaca
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
Initial Amount ◽  
Economic Saving ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Oxidation Agent ◽  
Tanning Industry

According to European legislation, it is not possible to dump any chromium-containing waste in Europe. The minimization of wastes is a key element in that strategy. It involves the application of clean technologies: low and non-waste technologies. The tanning industry generates substantial quantities of chromium-containing solid waste in the form of shavings and trimmings. The recycling and reuse of those wastes must be the primary target in optimizing processes of the leather industry. The problem is in a satisfying chromium separation from collagen fibers. Common hydrolysis processes-alkaline or acidic-give gelatins containing residual chromium (III). By using an oxidation agent (H2O2) before alkaline hydrolysis, in was demonstrated that chromium from chromium-containing leather wastes can be almost fully recovered by the previous oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI). This chromium can be reused in the tanning process. That would represent an economic saving. The best result of the dechroming process was a gelatin hydrolyzate with only 1.11 in respect to the initial amount.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Nanoparticles of Repaglinide

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2363-2370
Author(s):  
P M Jamkar ◽  
K N Gujar ◽  
S B Nemmaniwar ◽  
N B Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Dsc Studies ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Novel Drug

Controlled drug release system is one of the most favourable technique of novel drug delivery system owing to its reproducibility and ease of formulation. Nanotechnology is very useful for controlling the drug release and thus improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug. The technique improves patient compliance by reducing both dose and the frequency of administration and thus minimizing the local as well as systemic toxic effects. The aim of the present research work was to formulate and evaluate gastroretentive nanoparticles of Repaglinide, an anti-diabetic drug by using the ionotropic gelation method. Repaglinide has a very short half-life of 1 hour with bioavailability 56%. Sustained release mucoadhesive nanoparticles of Repaglinide were prepared to increase the drug residence time in gastrointestinal tract and thus improving the bioavailability of drug. The mucoadhesive nanoparticles were prepared by using chitosan and sodium alginate as polymers; calcium chloride as the crosslinking agent. Different formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of chitosan and sodium alginate in order to achieve the optimum particle size and maximum encapsulation efficiency. The particle size of nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 300 nm to 756 nm. Drug encapsulation efficiency ranged between 56% to 80% with controlled drug release upto 88% in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and 75% drug release in 0.1N HCl in 12 hrs. FT-IR and DSC studies showed that the drug and polymers were compatible. The results of swelling study and bioadhesive strength indicated that optimized formulation exhibited excellent mucoadhesive properties

Preparation and Characterization of Curcumin and Epigallocatechin gallate co-loaded polymeric microspheres for Colonic delivery

2021 ◽  
pp. 5077-5083
Author(s):  
Nisarg C Patel ◽  
Anita P Patel ◽  
Jayvadan K Patel
Keyword(s):  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Colonic Delivery ◽  
Natural Polymers

Curcumin (CURC) is a natural polyphenolic compound obtained from Curcuma longa which shows preventive and therapeutic actions against cancer. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a potent phytomolecule obtained from Camellia sinensis, with wide biological activity. The therapeutic effect is limited, owing to poor stability and limited membrane permeability across the intestine. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate colon-targeted microspheres of CURC and EGCG, using natural polymers. W/O emulsion crosslinking technique was used to prepare microspheres of CURC and EGCG using interpenetrating network (IPN) of Chitosan (CS) and Gum acacia (GA) and glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinking agent. Prepared microspheres were filled in capsules coated with Eudragit S100. The prepared microspheres were evaluated in vitro for preformulation studies, encapsulation efficiency, micromeritic properties, dissolution studies and stability studies. FTIR and DSC studies had proved that the drug and polymers are compatible. The good flow property of microspheres showed that the microspheres are not aggregated. SEM micrographs of microspheres show a rough and folded surface morphology. The microspheres are spherical and uniform in shape. Formulations showed good encapsulation efficiency. Formulation F1 to F6 showed sustained release of drug for 10 h. The in-vitro drug release of batches was best explained by Higuchi models showing anomalous diffusion mechanism. The coated batch showed better release results. The optimized formulation for a period of 3 month at 40±2°/75 ± 5% RH showed no significant changes. The current approach was helpful to develop polysaccharide based microspheres of CURC and EGCG to enhance colonic drug delivery.

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