Pre-Treatment of Used Cooking Oil Followed by Transesterification Reaction in the Production of Used Cooking Oil-Based Polyol

Used cooking oil has been considered as an economical and sustainable material that can be used widely as a starting material in the production of polymer precursors such as polyol for polyurethane. Since the composition of fatty acids and glyceride in the structure of used cooking oil remain the same as virgin vegetable oil, used cooking oil can be synthesized using the same method. However, there are certain physicochemical modifications to the oil properties that arise during the process of oil fryings such as increases in viscosity, acid value, and color changes that will affect the conversion of used cooking oil into bio-based polyol. Thus, various pretreatment methods that can be applied to used cooking oil such as adsorption, chemical bleaching, and treatment with solvents will be reviewed in this paper. Transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst will produce used cooking oil-based polyol which will have two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. The formation of polyol can be confirmed with the formation of O-H peak in the FTIR spectrum during the FTIR spectroscopy analysis. This paper will also discuss the type of alcohol and catalyst used in the transesterification reaction. Used cooking oil-based polyol obtained from transesterification reaction has been reported to be comparable to the commercial polyol.

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Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3703

Author(s):

Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽

Wei-Ting Lin ◽

Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽

Shuhn-Shyurng Hou

Keyword(s):

Acid Value ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Two Stage ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

High Acid ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Stage Process ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

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UPAYA PEREMAJAAN DAN PENYERAPAN LOGAM MINYAK GORENG BEKAS INDUSTRI MAKANAN TRADISIONAL DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN BIOADSORBEN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia ◽

10.31186/jipi.9.2.85-93 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 85-93

Author(s):

Susi Desminarti ◽

Edi Joniarta

Keyword(s):

Peroxide Value ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Acid Value ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Food Industries ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fe Content ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The research has been carried out in the Processing and Chemistry Laboratory of Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh and Post Harvest Laboratory in Bogor since July until November 2006. The research objectives was to prolong the using time of used cooking oil on food industries through applying the empty fruit bunch of palm bioadsorbent. The optimum condition of TKKS applied were 125 mm size and 5% bioadsorben from the weight of oil (Desminarti dan Rahzarni, 2004). The prolonging of cooking oil application can be done throughrefining used cooking oil so that the part of bad cooking oil can be lremoved. Statistical design used in this research was Completely Randomized Design with four treatments dan three replications. If the result was significant it will be followed by DMRT test on 5% significant level. Based on the experiment could be concluded that that four times titration could produced the oil based on SNI criterya in the relation to the water content (0.23%), peroxide value (0.82%) and free fatty acid value (0.23%) and it could also decrease Fe content from 76ppm to 22 ppm, Cu from 1.2 ppm to 0.40 ppm and Non Urea Adduct Forming (NAF) from 126 ppm to 102 ppm. The bioadsorbent sorption content on water varied from 78% to 80%; peroxide value from 14.71 to 59.80%, free fattyacid from 55.61 to 89.25%, Fe from 68.42 to 71.05%, Cu from 5% to 60% and NAF from 17.46 to 19.05%.

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Optimization of Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction of Used Cooking Oil

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/ef049891c ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 1888-1895 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

Merve Çetinkaya ◽

Filiz Karaosmanoǧlu

Keyword(s):

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

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Experimental Investigation on Variation of FFA in Used Cooking Oil and Optimization of Conversion to Biodiesel

ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/es2010-90505 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Sriraam Ramanathan Chandrasekaran ◽

Sumant Avasarala ◽

Fathima Jalal ◽

Lima Rose Miranda ◽

Selva Ilavarasi Paneerselvam

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Process Variable ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Acid And Base

The world is currently dependant on fossil fuels as a fuel source for transportation and fuelling the industrial sector. The increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental benefits of bio-diesel has made it more attractive in recent times. Many researches are being made to commercialize the production. However the cost of bio-diesel is the major obstacle to its commercialization in comparison to conventional diesel fuels. The objective of this paper is to produce biodiesel from Used cooking oil using a two stage process of acid and base catalyzed Transesterification reaction and optimizing the process variable such as Methanol to oil ratio, Catalyst to oil ratio, Reaction temperature and Reaction time as these process variable has adverse effect on the Transesterification reaction. The optimized parameters gave an yield of about 96%. Also an attempt had been made to examine the effect of temperature, moisture and storage time on the accumulation of free fatty acids in Used cooking oil. The results showed that the triacylglycerides was hydrolysed and the free fatty acid content was raised.

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The Influence Of Temperature and Contact Time On Waste Cooking Oil’s Adsorption Using Bagasse Adsorbent

Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan ◽

10.35450/jip.v7i2.131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 181

Author(s):

Rantiana Sera ◽

Donny Lesmana ◽

Atika Maharani

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Contact Time ◽

Color Change ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Adsorption Method ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Color Changes ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Adsorption Temperature

Cooking oil is one of basic needs that very often used by public. Cooking oil that has been used it will occur characteristic’s change and if consderated from chemical composition it has carcinogen content. One way of doing things for used cooking oil is adsorption method. Goal of this research for reduce Free Fatty Acid content and color changes on used cooking oil used bagasse adsorbent, with variant adsorption temperature 32, 40, and 50oC, also contact time as 45, 90, and 180 minutes. Best results of this research are FFA 85.10% reduction occur at 40-50oC with 180 minutes contact time and the biggest color change occur at 50oC with 180 contact time is 14.925%.

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Reusability test of Silica - Titania Catalyst on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil in Various Temperatures

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrst196414 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 116-123

Author(s):

Fiona Rachma Annisa ◽

Indang Dewata ◽

Hary Sanjaya ◽

Latisma Dj ◽

Ananda Putra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Acid Value ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Tetrahedral Coordination ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Ftir Characterization ◽

Density Flow

This work has investigated the reusability of silica-titania in various temperatures (50 – 70°C) of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The reused silica-titania catalyst collected from silica-titania catalyst waste produced from the process of separating the catalyst from biodiesel products from palm oil and used cooking oil at various temperatures. The 1st and 2nd reused SiO2-TiO2 were characterized by DR UV-Vis and the spectra were deconvoluted for calculate the fraction of titanium in tetrahedral coordination. In addition the biodiesel products were characterized using FTIR, and several properties of biodiesel such as density, flow rate and acid value were analyzed in order to get the information about catalytic activity reused SiO2-TiO2. The results show the titanium tetrahedral fraction in reused catalyst (1st) and (2nd) are found to be 24,98% and 24.65%, respectively. The FTIR characterization of biodiesel products and waste cooking oil are almost similar. The analysis of waste cooking oil converted to biodiesel shows an optimum temperature of 50oC that at this temperature the lowest density or highest flow rate gave highest conversion of 47.82% using BCR1 and 39.13% using BCR2.

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Pembuatan Biodiesel dengan Cara Adsorpsi dan Transesterifikasi Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas

Jurnal Kimia VALENSI ◽

10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3107 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 71-80

Author(s):

Lisa Adhani ◽

Isalmi Aziz ◽

Siti Nurbayti ◽

Christie Adi Octavia

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Acid Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Adsorption Processes ◽

Oil Adsorption

Used cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel, but the levels of free fatty acids (Free Fatty Acid, FFA) is quite high. It is necessary for pretreatment in the form of the adsorption process to reduce levels of FFA. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of adsorption process and determine the quality of biodiesel produced from adsorption processes and transesterification. Natural zeolites are used as adsorbents activated beforehand using ammonium chloride, calcined and heated to obtain H-zeolite. Furthermore, the adsorption process optimization includes the time, the adsorbent concentration, temperature and particle size. The oil that is already in the adsorption catalyst is reacted with methanol and KOH to obtain biodiesel. The optimum adsorption conditions obtained at the time of 90 minutes, the concentration of H-zeolite 12%, temperature 90 ° C, and a particle size of 0.2 mm that can lower FFA levels from 3.2% to 1.1%. Biodiesel produced meets the quality requirements of SNI 04-7182-2006 with a water content of 0.02%, a density of 857.60 kg / m3, the acid value of 0.29 mg-KOH / g, iodine number 15.71, saponification 168 , 02 and cetane index of 75.62. Compounds contained in biodiesel are methyl 9-octadecanoic (49.45%), methyl heksadekanoat (20.79%), and methyl 9,12oktaekanoat 9.12 (18.87%). Keywords: Biodiesel, used cooking oil, adsorption, transesterification, H-zeolitDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3107

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Synthesis of Sodium Zirconia as a Catalyst for Transesterification Reaction of Used Cooking Oil

Jurnal Presipitasi Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/presipitasi.v17i1.44-51 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 44-51

Author(s):

Niyar Candra Agustin ◽

Ricka Prasdiantika

Keyword(s):

Methyl Elaidate ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Zirconia Catalyst ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

Ft Ir

Catalyst is one of factor that affect the results of the transesterification reaction. Catalyst has spesific properties that can only be used in certain reaction. In order to carry out the transesterification reaction a suitable catalyst is needed and has optimal performance. This research aims to synthesize sodium zirconia (Na2O/ZrO2) as a catalyst for transesterification reaction of used cooking oil into biodiesel and the effect of the concentration of NaOH solution on the zirconia catalyst (ZrO2). The sodium zirconia catalyst(Na2O/ZrO2) was synthesized by wet impregnation method by mixing ZrO2 and NaOH solution with variations in concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 M. Transesterification reaction is carried out with catalyst amount of 5%(w/w), with areaction time of 20 minutes, and by microwave heating at 400 watt microwave power. The comparison of oil molar with methanol was 1:15. Na2O/ZrO2 catalysts was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR) Spectrophotometer, and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The resulting biodiesel was characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Using Na2O/ZrO2 2 M catalysts produced the most biodiesel which was 85.5% (w/w). The formed biodiesel contained methyl palmitate (25,11%), methyl linoleate (10,87%), methyl elaidate (57,88%), and methyl stearate (6,14%). The characterization results showed that Na2O/ZrO2 as the transesterification used cooking oil catalyst was successfully synthesized.

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