scholarly journals Elementary & Secondary Education Department Mardan, KP Pakistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Amir ZAMAN ◽  
◽  
Riaz AHMAD ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Great Development

Afghanistan that remained the epicenter of terrorism and insurgency in the post 9/11 incident, suffered irreparable loss in both human and infrastructure, is now heading towards an era of peace and political stability. The signing of the peace agreement on February 29, 2020 by both the US government and the Taliban is a great development for strengthening democratization and power-sharing among the stakeholders in Afghanistan. However, certain hurdles stand in the way of peace and stability. This paper discusses some of the key areas such as the dilemma of Afghan presidential elections, Pakistan’s controversial role, role of neighboring countries and the Indo-Afghan Nexus. Lacunae in the US-Taliban agreement to the exclusion of the Afghan government in the agreement and the threat of the ISIS are some of the other hurdles in bringing peace and stability in the country. Bargaining among the US and Taliban and the various stakeholders of Afghanistan is the only viable solution to the problem which provides the basis for theoretical framework. Keywords: Peace, Hurdles, Afghanistan, Taliban, US

scholarly journals Burning the Archive, Building the State? Politics, Paper, and US Power in Postwar Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-792
Author(s):  
Thomas Rath
Keyword(s):  
State Capacity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
Coherent Image ◽  
The Us ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
History Of

This article explores how the Mexican state gathered, archived and destroyed information. It focuses on the US–Mexico campaign against foot-and-mouth disease between 1947 and 1952, whose paper archive Mexican officials burned near the successful conclusion of the campaign. This article argues that several factors shaped the context for this documentary bonfire and made the 1940s a key point of inflection in Mexico’s history of official information-gathering: the dominant party’s system of elite power-sharing, the growth of a reading public and the regime’s drift rightward. At the same time, the nature of the foot-and-mouth disease campaign itself ensured that, despite its possible uses, the archive was particularly sensitive, providing evidence of the embarrassing gaps that began to yawn between the state’s language of revolutionary nationalism and its political practise. Indeed, the bonfire represented the culmination of practises Mexican officials had already developed throughout the campaign to reconcile the demands of legibility and deniability, hemispheric integration and nationalism, political stability and state capacity. More broadly, the case illustrates the uneven effects of US assistance on the development of state capacity, the authoritarian but institutionally weak character of the early PRIísta state, and the role of archives in maintaining a coherent image of state sovereignty.

scholarly journals The Role of Pensioners in the American Electorate

Upravlenie ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Лебедева ◽  
Lyudmila Lebedeva ◽  
Емельянов ◽  
E. Emelyanov
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Us History ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article examines fundamental demographic changes in the USA that have been shifting the electorate and as a result - American politics; with wide gaps between the generations on key social, economic, political issues. The US presidential elections since 1980 were dominated by baby boomers (born 1946-1964) and prior generations, who have cast the vast majority of votes in every presidential election. The 2016 electorate has been the most diverse in the US history due to strong growth of young generations, and especially among Hispanic eligible voters. Millennials (born 1981–1998) and X generation (born 1965-1980) surpassed Baby Boomers and more old generations whose choices differ significantly in many fields; but the key problem is who really votes. The age structure of the American electorate and its influence on the election results; the role of pensioners and those, who’ll retire in the nearest future, as voters at the federal and state levels are in focus.

scholarly journals Coercion and third-party mediation of identity-based conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-406
Author(s):  
Jacob Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Us ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Final Agreement ◽  
Best Fit

AbstractThis article analyses third-party mediation of identity-based conflicts, which are notoriously difficult to resolve. It seeks to reconcile the contradiction in the mediation literature between the need for less coercive strategies to ensure ownership of a peace agreement and the need for more coercive strategies to reach a final agreement. Through an analysis of mediation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the article makes four contributions to existing literature. First, the article develops a theoretical ‘best fit’ model that proposes a u-shaped relationship between intensity of mediator coercion and transition through phases of negotiation. Second, it challenges the prevailing notion that pre-negotiation does not involve coercion. Third, it suggests that epistemological and ontological understandings of a conflict and the role of a mediator by both the mediator and the parties mean that mediators enjoy limited capacity to effectively shift from high- to low-coercive strategies. Multi-party mediation can provide the flexibility needed to execute the coercion u-curve effectively. Fourth, it challenges existing understandings of the US-mediated negotiations during the Annapolis process, 2007–08.

scholarly journals EL ROL POLÍTICO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EN EL DEFAULT DE ARGENTINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Miranda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Difficult Part

In December of 2001, due to the financial crisis, Argentina had to suspend external payments. The country started a frantic process of abandonment of default thereafter. Research about the causes, processes, and mechanisms of the crisis has been focused on economic issues. The present work instead considers international politics. The aim of the paper is to analyze the role of the United Sates in the restructuring of Argentina’s debt. We consider the reasons, conditions, and actions developed by the hegemonic power in the relationship between Argentina and its creditors. We specially emphasize the political role played by the US government, a position that the US administration had no intention to assume neither before the debacle nor after the crisis started. We conclude that, despite the fact that Argentina has overcome the most difficult part of its default, the episode made evident, once more, the strong Argentine dependence towards the United States.

scholarly journals Transition from Civil War to Peace: The Role of the United Nations and International Community in Mozambique

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayokunu Adedokun
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Community ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Budget Support ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The United Nations

With the heavy involvement of the United Nations (UN) and the international community, the Rome General Peace Agreement of 1992 ended more than 16 years of civil war in Mozambique. The peace agreement and post-conflict initiatives by the international community was successful in transforming the Mozambique National Resistance
(Renamo) from a rebel group into a viable political party. Key components of the United Nations and the broader international community success in negotiating peace and creating conditions for political stability and democracy in Mozambique were (a) the provision of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) before democratisation, (b) decentralization of humanitarian and relief efforts to provincial and district levels, (c) provision of financial support directly for the development of political parties, and (d) budget support to sectors relevant to peacebuilding. Though imperfect, Mozambique remains an important case study in how the UN and international community can help in post-conflict environments. Thus, the paper argues that success in peacebuilding operations depends on credible and impartial international support through the UN, as opposed to peacebuilding operations through the United States of America or Russia.

scholarly journals David Parish, Alexander Baring and the US Loan of 1813: The Role of Nationality and Patriotism in the Transatlantic Mercantile Community in Times of War

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lentz
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
The Core ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Financial Transactions

The War of 1812 was a very expensive conflict for the United States. In 1813, three foreign-born investors, among them David Parish from Hamburg, Germany, saved the US government from bankruptcy by providing a sixteen-million dollar loan. This article focuses on the reasons why Parish – who strongly opposed the war – agreed to take a major share in the loan. At the same time, it examines the ways in which the Hamburg merchant tried to sell a large share of his US government bonds in Great Britain – America’s wartime enemy. Parish’s actions make it obvious that he promoted the idea of a supranational mercantile community that was not bound by patriotic considerations even during war times. Consequently, it was the British merchant banker Alexander Baring who stood at the core of Parish’s plans to sell US bonds in London. By contrasting Baring’s room for manoeuvre during these financial transactions with that of Parish this article shows that in the British context public expectations of loyalty and patriotism could indeed limit the abilities of local merchants in financing the opponent of war. Thus, the comparison of Parish’s and Baring’s experiences highlights the importance of local factors such as a consolidated public opinion and a strong nation state in setting the limits of the sphere of activity for internationally operating merchants in times of war.

scholarly journals Postawy wobec Stanów Zjednoczonych: raport z międzynarodowych badań porównawczych

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Agnieszka STĘPIŃSKA ◽  
Bartosz HORDECKI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Students Attitudes

The paper presents the results of surveys conducted among students in nearly thirty countries. The surveys concerned the students’ attitudes to the presidential elections in the USA in 2008, and their opinions on the candidates running for election. The attitudes towards the United States, its policy and culture were also surveyed. The results indicate that the attitudes of Polish respondents differ significantly from those of the respondents in other countries. In the fall of 2008, Polish respondents were relatively friendly towards Americans, appreciating their honesty, but disrespecting their incompetence and lack of knowledge. The Polish respondents’ assessments of American policy and culture, the US government and its operations in the international arena were also relatively mild. However, the results of Polish surveys were less favorable to US citizens than the results of earlier surveys. They confirmed that, during the George W. Bush presidency, the attitude of Polish society to everything American slowly, but consistently, grew colder. It seems reasonable to suggest this was a reaction to the US’s global policies and a result of Poles’ dissatisfaction with Polish-American bilateral relations.

scholarly journals Physician leadership and health information exchange: literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. e100080
Author(s):  
Michele L Heath ◽  
Tracy H Porter
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Health Information Exchange ◽  
Physician Leadership ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Physician Leaders ◽  
Use Stage

BackgroundNotwithstanding two decades of health information exchange (HIE) failures across the country, the US government has incorporated HIE into Meaningful Use Stage 2, which, in turn, has sparked renewed physicians’ interest in HIE.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper was to conduct a literature review to understand how physician leadership might have assisted in supporting organisations in achieving HIE collaboration.MethodThe authors conducted a review of the literature about HIE and physician challenges from 2009 to present to identify peer-reviewed publications which might apply. Reviewers abstracted each publication for predetermined issues related to physician leadership. Themes were identified based on the literature findings.ResultsThe literature review demonstrated four important themes (physician leader characteristics) that can assist in bridging the gap and creating collaboration in an HIE. The themes found in this study were: trust among physicians, promote involvement and buy-in, infuse value proposition and competition.ConclusionThis paper contributes to the healthcare literature by conducting a literature review of the existing literature of surrounding HIE implementation and physician leaders. Specifically, we sought to gain insight into the change process and how physician leaders have demonstrated an impact on the process. This research is the first of its kind to synthesise leadership issues related to HIE and specifically explore the role of physician leader impact on HIE.

Affirmative Action and Higher Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-40
Author(s):  
J. Scott Carter ◽  
Cameron D. Lippard
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Controversial Subject ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter discusses the ever-evolving role of race in politics in the history of the US. How the government handled racial and other discrimination has not always been effective. It was not until the 1960s that the US government attempted to make a concrete effort to minimize racial discrimination, which of course effected enrollment at elite US colleges and universities. This chapter then goes onto to discuss the deep ideological divide over affirmative action that exists in the country and provides public opinion data on where whites stand with the subject. This chapter demonstrates that indeed affirmative action is a controversial subject that receives little support from whites.

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