scholarly journals Release Activity of Encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum NBRC 3070 in Optimum Alginate - Aloe vera Matrices during Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Syahirah Sallehudin ◽  
Khalilah Abdul Khalil ◽  
Maslinda Musa ◽  
Hifa Nazirah Mohd Yazid ◽  
Anida Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Encapsulated Cells ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Encapsulation Process

Probiotic encapsulation approach has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. Because of the promising preclinical and clinical results, probiotics have been incorporated into a range of products. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the encapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. Thus in this study, the release activity of encapsulated L. plantarum NBRC 3070 and Aloe vera gel within alginate coated chitosan matrices during simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) exposure were investigated. There were four groups of beads prepared in this study: 1) Encapsulated probiotic and Aloe vera within alginate beads (chitosan coated), 2) Encapsulated probiotic within alginate beads (chitosan coated), 3) Encapsulated probiotic and Aloe vera within alginate beads (uncoated) and 4) Encapsulated probiotic alone within alginate beads (uncoated). Encapsulation process was carried out using extrusion method. The optimized composition of alginate matrix (1.34% w/v) and Aloe vera gel (1.99% w/v) were used.  In order to investigate their release activity, all beads were exposed in Simulated Gastric (SGF) at pH 2.5 and Simulated Intestinal Fluids (SIF) at pH 6.5 for 120 min and 270 min, respectively. Based on the findings, alginate-Aloe vera beads with chitosan coated was able to protect L. plantarum NBRC 3070 during SGF exposure with only 1 log10 cfu/mL reduction. The presence of Aloe vera gel in the beads improved the survivability of the cells. Encapsulated cells were observed successfully slow released of cells from the beads after exposure in SIF. Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) result had shown that cross link activity of the optimum alginate-Aloe vera with chitosan coating resulted in better survival of cells after simulated gastro and able to deliver sufficient probiotic dose to intestinal region. The combinations were able to improve encapsulated cells survivability during low acidic environment passage and release activity into the intestinal target region.   

scholarly journals THE USE OF CLINOPTILOLITES AS CARRIER OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Putra Imwa ◽  
Kusumawati Igaw
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Metformin Hydrochloride ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Drug Release ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
N2 Sorption ◽  
Metformin Hcl

Objective: As an antidiabetic drug, metformin hydrochloride (HCl) has been well known to possess low oral bioavailability and short half-life. In this study, we prepared the drug delivery system (DDS) of metformin HCl and clinoptilolite as its carrier. The in vitro drug release profile was further investigated.Methods: DDS was made by encapsulating metformin HCl on clinoptilolite using the wet impregnation method at various pH and initial concentration of metformin HCl. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and N2 Sorption Analyzer were used to characterize the as-synthesized DDS. Drug release study was conducted by stirring the DDS in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid over 12 h.Results: The encapsulation process was achieved optimally at pH 7.0 and initial concentration of metformin HCl of 300 mg/l (CLI2-300 denoted DDS). The results of FTIR and N2 sorption analyzer confirmed the existence of metformin HCl on clinoptilolites. Meanwhile, the XRD result showed that the crystallinity of clinoptilolites remained unchanged after the encapsulation process. The cumulative drug release in the simulated gastric fluid was found to be higher than that in the simulated intestinal fluid, which indicated the potent influence of pH on the release properties of the drugs. The drug release kinetics of metformin HCl from clinoptilolite was best fitted into the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with non-Fickian transport mechanism.Conclusion: We found that clinoptilolite was suitable for DDS application, particularly as a carrier of metformin HCl.

scholarly journals Survival Survey of Lactobacillus acidophilus In Additional Probiotic Bread

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Truong Duc Thang ◽  
Le Thi Hanh Quyen ◽  
Hoang Thi Thuy Hang ◽  
Nguyen Thien Luan ◽  
Dang Thi KimThuy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The World ◽  
Alginate Matrix

Bread is a popular food in the world because of its variety and convenience. Currently, studies on the adding probiotics to bread are limited due to the adverse effects of processing, such as baking temperature, aerobic environment to the probiotic bacteria. The objective of this study was to produce probiotic cream bread, in which Lactobacillus acidophilus was microencapsulated with Alginate 2% (A); Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% (AM); Alginate 2% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AX); and Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AMX). Microcapsules were added to the kernel, conducting encapsulation yield investigations, survival in baking, preservation of bread, and in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid conditions after 8 days of storage. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum enhanced the encapsulation yield, it reached 92.9% and 92.37% in AMX and AX samples, respectively. The viability of L. acidophilus during baking was decreased by 3.64 and 3.75 Log (CFU/bread) in AMX and AM samples, compared to A and AX which were decreased by 4.75 and 4.44 Log (CFU/ bread). In SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) conditions, the AMX microcapsules provide the best probiotic protection among the four tested carriers. The combination of xanthan gum and maltodextrin in alginate matrix, eventually leading to having dual efficiency: First, xanthan gum would act as buffers that reduce acid activity; Second, maltodextrin acting as a protective agent of L. acidophilus against high temperature as well as potential prebiotic that improve the viability of probiotic.

scholarly journals IN VITRO RELEASE STUDIES OF CARBAMAZEPINE TABLETS AND BENZOYL METRONIDAZOLE SUSPENSIONS USING THE FLOW-THROUGH CELL APPARATUS AND SIMULATED GASTROINTESTINAL FLUIDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Raul Medina ◽  
Jonathan Hernandez ◽  
Marcela Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Release Studies ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Vitro Release

Objective: To characterize the in vitro release of carbamazepine tablets and benzoyl metronidazole suspensions using the flow-through cell apparatus and simulated gastrointestinal fluids.Methods: Tegretol® tablets, Flagyl® suspension, and generic formulations of each were tested. Release studies were performed using an automated flow-through cell apparatus. Simulated gastric fluid (with and without pepsin) and simulated intestinal fluid (without pancreatin) at 16 ml/min and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid at 8 ml/min, all at 37.0±0.5 °C, were used as dissolution media. The quantity of dissolved carbamazepine and benzoyl metronidazole was determined at 5-min intervals until 60 min at 285 and 278 nm, respectively. Percentage dissolved at 60 min, mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency values, and t10%, t25%, t50% and t63.2% were calculated. Mean values for all parameters were compared between the reference and generic formulations using Studentʼs t-test. Dissolution data were fitted to different kinetic models.Results: Simulated gastric fluid without pepsin showed no discriminative capability for carbamazepine tablets. Significant differences were observed between the reference and generic formulations for almost all parameters (*P<0.05). In some cases, the logistic model best described the in vitro release of both drugs.Conclusion: Using an apparatus and media that best simulates the gastrointestinal environment, we identified differences in the rate and extent of dissolution of both drugs that could help to optimise the design of interchangeable formulations. Based on the physicochemical characteristics of carbamazepine and benzoyl metronidazole and the conditions in which the formulations were tested, these differences could be of clinical relevance. 

scholarly journals Production, Properties and Swelling of Copper-Pectic Gel Particles in an Artificial Gastroenteric Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Anatoly Shubakov ◽  
Elena Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Apple Pectin ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Ionotropic Gelation ◽  
Gel Particles

The purpose of the this research was to obtain and study the properties of copper-pectic gel particles (CuPGPs) obtained from aqueous solutions of apple pectin (AP) in the concentration range of 1%-5% in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Methods and Results: We used commercial AP AU701 (Herbstreith & Fox KG, Germany). CuPGPs were obtained from aqueous solutions of AP (1%, 3%, 5%) in the presence of Cu2+ ions (1%-10%) by the method of ionotropic gelation, The diameter and density of the CuPGPs were determined. Dry CuPGPs formed from 5% AP with all tested concentrations of copper ions have the largest diameter (0.96-1.15mm), and gel particles formed on the basis of 1% AP have the smallest diameter (0.42-0.74mm). CuPGPs formed from 5% AP have the highest density (1.43-1.65 mg/mm3), and CuPGPs formed on the basis of 1% AP have the lowest density (0.65-0.92 mg/mm3). Gel particles obtained from 1% AP swelled in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) by 161% and then completely degraded immediately upon entering in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). CuPGPs obtained from 3% AP swelled by 166% in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and 148% in SIF, and completely degraded in SIF after 2.5 hours of incubation in it. Gel particles obtained from 5% AP in the presence of 10% Cu2+ swelled most strongly – by 173% in SGF and by 208% in SIF. And then, they degraded after 8 hours of incubation in simulated colonic fluid (SCF).

scholarly journals Stability of Principal Hydrolysable Tannins from Trapa taiwanensis Hulls

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Chiung Wang ◽  
Hsyeh-Fang Chen ◽  
Jin-Yi Wu ◽  
Lih-Geeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tellimagrandin Ii

The fruit and hulls of the water caltrop (Trapa taiwanensis Nakai) are used as hepatoprotective herbal tea ingredients in Taiwan. The stability of hydrolysable tannins in herbal drinks has rarely been reported. In the present study, two hydrolysable tannins, tellimagrandin II (TGII) and 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucopyranose (PGG), were isolated from water caltrop hulls. The stability of the two compounds was evaluated by treatment with various pH buffer solutions, simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid, different temperatures, and photo-irradiation at 352 nm in different solvents. Results showed that TGII and PGG were more stable in a pH 2.0 buffer solution (with 91.88% remaining) and in a water solution with 352 nm irradiation (with 95% remaining). TGII and PGG were more stable in methanol or ethanol solutions (with >93.69% remaining) than in an aqueous solution (with <43.52% remaining) at 100 °C. In simulated gastric fluid, more than 96% of the hydrolysable tannins remained after incubation at 37 °C for 4 h. However, these hydrolysable tannins were unstable in simulated intestinal fluid, as after incubation at 37 °C for 9 h, the content of TGII had decreased to 31.40% and of PGG to 12.46%. The synthetic antioxidants, butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), di-butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), and propyl gallate, did not exhibit photoprotective effects on these hydrolysable tannins. However, catechin, a natural antioxidant, displayed a weak photoprotective effect. Ascorbic acid had a short-term thermal-protective effect but not a long-term protective effect. The different stability properties of hydrolysable tannins in solutions can be used in the development of related herbal teas in the future.

Alginate-Inulin Hydrogel: Synthesis and Development for Targeted Delivery of Protein

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 4954-4959
Author(s):  
Norsyazwani Solehah Norudin ◽  
Hajaratul Najwa Mohamed ◽  
Nor Aisyah Mat Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Ft Ir

Recently, a lot of strategies have been developed to enhance oral protein delivery. The combination of biodegradable polymer which is alginate-inulin as the material for hydrogel matrices was studied as a carrier of BSA which was used as a model protein. The effects of different formulations on the BSA release profile in physiological saline was investigated. Meanwhile, the compatibility of protein and polymer was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. High BSA encapsulation efficiency was found with the increase of inulin amount in the hydrogel matrices. The BSA release pattern showed that the minor released of BSA in simulated gastric fluid, SGF pH (1.2) throughout 2 hours’ incubation and after changing the solution into simulated intestinal fluid, SIF pH (7.4) the protein release started to increase gradually up to 100% within 90 minutes. Incorporation of inulin in the alginate beads also resulted in improved BSA release in physiological saline solution. In addition, swelling behavior revealed that highest swelling rate of hydrogel was in alkali solution indicating that alginate-inulin hydrogels were influenced by the pH of test medium. The FT-IR results show that encapsulating matrices are compatible with protein and can be used as drug carrier. Therefore, the alginate-inulin hydrogel showing a good efficiency in oral administration of protein drug.

scholarly journals Microencapsulation of Bacteriophage Felix O1 into Chitosan-Alginate Microspheres for Oral Delivery

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (15) ◽  
pp. 4799-4805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Ma ◽  
Jennifer C. Pacan ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Yongping Xu ◽  
Xiaoqing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Testing Period ◽  
Acidic Environments ◽  
Free Phage

ABSTRACT This paper reports the development of microencapsulated bacteriophage Felix O1 for oral delivery using a chitosan-alginate-CaCl2 system. In vitro studies were used to determine the effects of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and bile salts on the viability of free and encapsulated phage. Free phage Felix O1 was found to be extremely sensitive to acidic environments and was not detectable after a 5-min exposure to pHs below 3.7. In contrast, the number of microencapsulated phage decreased by 0.67 log units only, even at pH 2.4, for the same period of incubation. The viable count of microencapsulated phage decreased only 2.58 log units during a 1-h exposure to SGF with pepsin at pH 2.4. After 3 h of incubation in 1 and 2% bile solutions, the free phage count decreased by 1.29 and 1.67 log units, respectively, while the viability of encapsulated phage was fully maintained. Encapsulated phage was completely released from the microspheres upon exposure to simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) within 6 h. The encapsulated phage in wet microspheres retained full viability when stored at 4°C for the duration of the testing period (6 weeks). With the use of trehalose as a stabilizing agent, the microencapsulated phage in dried form had a 12.6% survival rate after storage for 6 weeks. The current encapsulation technique enables a large proportion of bacteriophage Felix O1 to remain bioactive in a simulated gastrointestinal tract environment, which indicates that these microspheres may facilitate delivery of therapeutic phage to the gut.

scholarly journals Dissolution Testing of Single- and Dual-Component Thyroid Hormone Supplements

Separations ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Samantha Bowerbank ◽  
Michelle Carlin ◽  
John Dean
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Dissolution Testing ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Biorelevant Media ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Biorelevant Dissolution ◽  
Fasted State

A method for the analysis of thyroid hormones by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the dissolution testing of single- and dual-component thyroid hormone supplements via a two-stage biorelevant dissolution procedure. The biorelevant media consisted of fasted-state simulated gastric fluid and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid at 37 °C, and was investigated using an internationally recognized protocol. The dissolution profiles showed consistent solubilization for both single- and dual-component batches at pH 6.5 in the fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Multi-Layered Microspheres Based on Phase Separation for Drug Delivery

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
He Xia ◽  
Ang Li ◽  
Jia Man ◽  
Jianyong Li ◽  
Jianfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
Simulated Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Collection Tube ◽  
Poly Ethylene

In this work, we used a co-flow microfluidic device with an injection and a collection tube to generate droplets with different layers due to phase separation. The phase separation system consisted of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate 700 (PEGDA 700), PEGDA 250, and sodium alginate aqueous solution. When the mixture droplets formed in the outer phase, PEGDA 700 in the droplets would transfer into the outer aqueous solution, while PEGDA 250 still stayed in the initial droplet, breaking the miscibility equilibrium of the mixture and triggering the phase separation. As the phase separation proceeded, new cores emerged in the droplets, gradually forming the second and third layers. Emulsion droplets with different layers were polymerized under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at different stages of phase separation to obtain microspheres. Microspheres with different layers showed various release behaviors in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The release rate decreased with the increase in the number of layers, which showed a potential application in sustained drug release.

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