scholarly journals EXTRACTION AND PURITY DNA OF Culex spp MOSQUITO IN KEMELAK VILLAGE, BINDUNG LANGIT, OGAN KOMERING ULU

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Farah Nuriessa Aputri ◽  
Laila Hanum ◽  
Ayu Safitri ◽  
Yuanita Windusari
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Genome Library ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Dna Purity ◽  
Electrophoresis Technique ◽  
Research Analysis

Culex spp are mosquito vectors that have a very wide distribution capability and are carriers of pathogens that can interfere with human and animal health. The wide distribution makes Culex spp a dangerous threat. DNA extraction is one of the important steps in obtaining genetic information and genetic analysis. Good quality DNA is used for activities such as the use of molecular markers, genome library creation, and sequencing. This study aims to determine the quality, concentration and purity of Culex spp mosquito DNA in Kemelak Bindung Langit Village, OKU Regency. It is hoped that the sample can be used for further research analysis on Mitochondria D-Loop Sequences in Culex spp mosquitoes. Quantitative measurement of DNA in the form of concentration and purity of DNA using Nanodrop Thermo cycle while qualitative DNA using electrophoresis technique. The results of the isolation of the mosquito genome DNA, obtained clear DNA bands without any degradation (smear) and the concentration results for the four samples ranged from 10-100 ng/µL and the DNA purity was good, ranging from 1.8 to 2.00.

scholarly journals Meta-Transcriptomic Comparison of the RNA Viromes of the Mosquito Vectors Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium in Northern Europe

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pettersson ◽  
Shi ◽  
Eden ◽  
Holmes ◽  
Hesson
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
South Central ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Habitat

Mosquitoes harbor an extensive diversity of ‘insect-specific’ RNA viruses in addition to those important to human and animal health. However, because most studies of the mosquito virome have been conducted at lower latitudes, little is known about the diversity and evolutionary history of RNA viruses sampled from mosquitoes in northerly regions. Here, we compared the RNA virome of two common northern mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium, collected in south-central Sweden. Following bulk RNA-sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) of 12 libraries, comprising 120 specimens of Cx. pipiens and 150 specimens of Cx. torrentium, we identified 40 viruses (representing 14 virus families) of which 28 were novel based on phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein. Hence, we documented similar levels of virome diversity as in mosquitoes sampled from the more biodiverse lower latitudes. Many viruses were also related to those sampled on other continents, indicative of a widespread global movement and/or long host–virus co-evolution. Although the two mosquito species investigated have overlapping geographical distributions and share many viruses, several viruses were only found at a specific location at this scale of sampling, such that local habitat and geography may play an important role in shaping viral diversity in Culex mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Genome Variation and Molecular Epidemiology ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Pathovariants

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Branchu ◽  
Matt Bawn ◽  
Robert A. Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genome Variation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium is one of approximately 2,500 distinct serovars of the genusSalmonellabut is exceptional in its wide distribution in the environment, livestock, and wild animals.S. Typhimurium causes a large proportion of nontyphoidalSalmonella(NTS) infections, accounting for a quarter of infections, second only toS. entericaserovar Enteritidis in incidence.S. Typhimurium was once considered the archetypal broad-host-rangeSalmonellaserovar due to its wide distribution in livestock and wild animals, and much of what we know of the interaction ofSalmonellawith the host comes from research using a small number of laboratory strains of the serovar (LT2, SL1344, and ATCC 14028). But it has become clear that these strains do not reflect the genotypic or phenotypic diversity ofS. Typhimurium. Here, we review the epidemiological record ofS. Typhimurium and studies of the host-pathogen interactions of diverse strains ofS. Typhimurium. We present the concept of distinct pathovariants ofS. Typhimurium that exhibit diversity of host range, distribution in the environment, pathogenicity, and risk to food safety. We review recent evidence from whole-genome sequencing that has revealed the extent of genomic diversity ofS. Typhimurium pathovariants, the genomic basis of differences in the level of risk to human and animal health, and the molecular epidemiology of prominent strains. An improved understanding of the impact of genome variation of bacterial pathogens on pathogen-host and pathogen-environment interactions has the potential to improve quantitative risk assessment and reveal how new pathogens evolve.

scholarly journals Pathological ribonuclease H1 causes R-loop depletion and aberrant DNA segregation in mitochondria

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (30) ◽  
pp. E4276-E4285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokhan Akman ◽  
Radha Desai ◽  
Laura J. Bailey ◽  
Takehiro Yasukawa ◽  
Ilaria Dalla Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Mitochondrial Disease ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Disease Mechanism ◽  
Dna Segregation ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Replication ◽  
Pathological Variant ◽  
Potential Substrate

The genetic information in mammalian mitochondrial DNA is densely packed; there are no introns and only one sizeable noncoding, or control, region containing key cis-elements for its replication and expression. Many molecules of mitochondrial DNA bear a third strand of DNA, known as “7S DNA,” which forms a displacement (D-) loop in the control region. Here we show that many other molecules contain RNA as a third strand. The RNA of these R-loops maps to the control region of the mitochondrial DNA and is complementary to 7S DNA. Ribonuclease H1 is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication; it degrades RNA hybridized to DNA, so the R-loop is a potential substrate. In cells with a pathological variant of ribonuclease H1 associated with mitochondrial disease, R-loops are of low abundance, and there is mitochondrial DNA aggregation. These findings implicate ribonuclease H1 and RNA in the physical segregation of mitochondrial DNA, perturbation of which represents a previously unidentified disease mechanism.

scholarly journals Resistance of Aspergillus niger Tiegh. to the effect of amide anesthetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Vadim Aleksandrovich Isaichkin ◽  
Ekaterina Sergeevna Selezneva ◽  
Evgeniy Sergeevich Korchikov
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Anesthetic Solution ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The wide distribution of Aspergillus in nature is determined by their ability to adapt in the conditions of development of anthropogenic biocoenoses. Micromycetes survive due to rapid growth, intensive reproduction and labile metabolism, causing various kinds of damage to the substrates on which they were due to certain circumstances. However, it is noted that in the process of adaptation, many Aspergillus change physiologically, i.e. without changing the genetic information and heredity of this organism. These features of Aspergillus make them indispensable in model experiments allowing to assess the effects of xenobiotics even in micro doses and the ability to adapt to them. In this regard, it is interesting to investigate anesthetics widely used in surgery. Some of them have shown antibacterial activity, but their antifungal activity remains unknown. The authors investigated the ability of Aspergillus niger Tiegh. to adapt to the effects of certain amide anesthetics: lidocaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine. Two series of experiments were carried out. In the first one the effect of anesthetics was investigated at concentrations of 0,001; 0,01 and 0,1 mg/ml per growth, number of colonies and sizes of spores and conidiophores; in the second one A. niger Tiegh. spores from a culture grown in a environment containing an anesthetic solution at a concentration of 0,001 mg/ml were germinated on nutrient medium with anesthetics at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. It was discovered that anesthetics affect differently the germination of spores and the formation of colonies of A. niger Tiegh. The maximum toxicity was shown by ropivacaine, significantly reducing the number of colonies, the minimum by bupivacaine. It was discovered that ropivacaine and bupivacaine inhibit mycelium growth more than lidocaine. All investigated anesthetics at selected concentrations do not affect reliably the size of spores and conidiophores. The study of preadaptation caused by a low dose of anesthetics showed that the number of colonies in preadapted cultures after exposure at a high dose of 1 mg/ml significantly increased compared to direct exposure at a dose of 1 mg/ml. It can be argued that the observed changes in the number of colonies are an adaptive response of A. niger Tiegh. to the action of anesthetics. The diameter of colonies after preadaptation was significantly less than with direct exposure at a dose of 1 mg/ml (p 0,05), that is we observe the effect of cumulation. Possible mechanisms of the observed effect, including hormesis, are discussed.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation among Hucul horse

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Czerneková ◽  
T. Kott ◽  
I. Majzlík
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Dna Typing ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Loop Region ◽  
Loop Sequence ◽  
D Loop

Genetic variation in the Czech Hucul horse population was analyzed using a sequence analysis of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA. One hundred and sixty-five Hucul horses were tested. Sequencing of the 700-base pairs fragment of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region revealed 38 mutation sites representing 14 haplotypes, which were clustered into six haplogroups. The genetic information obtained from the mitochondrial DNA typing is of utmost importance for the future breed-conservation strategies.  

scholarly journals Pteridium spp. and Bovine Papillomavirus: Partners in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca ◽  
Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva ◽  
Rui Medeiros ◽  
Paula A. Oliveira ◽  
Rui M. Gil da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Bovine Papillomavirus ◽  
Bracken Fern ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Wide Range

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) are a cause for global concern due to their wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases they are able to induce. Those lesions include cutaneous and upper digestive papillomas, multiple histological types of urinary bladder cancers—most often associated with BPV1 and BPV2—and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive system, associated with BPV4. Clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence shows that exposure to bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) and other related ferns plays an important role in allowing viral persistence and promoting the malignant transformation of early viral lesions. This carcinogenic potential has been attributed to bracken illudane glycoside compounds with immune suppressive and mutagenic properties, such as ptaquiloside. This review addresses the role of BPV in tumorigenesis and its interactions with bracken illudane glycosides. Current data indicates that inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by bracken fern illudanes plays a significant role in allowing viral persistence and lesion progression, while BPV drives unchecked cell proliferation and allows the accumulation of genetic damage caused by chemical mutagens. Despite limited progress in controlling bracken infestation in pasturelands, bracken toxins remain a threat to animal health. The number of recognized BPV types has steadily increased over the years and now reaches 24 genotypes with different pathogenic properties. It remains essential to widen the available knowledge concerning BPV and its synergistic interactions with bracken chemical carcinogens, in order to achieve satisfactory control of the livestock losses they induce worldwide.

Immune Electron Microscopy (IEM) of a Canine Adeno-Associated Virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Gunter F. Thomas ◽  
M. David Hoggan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Green Monkeys

In 1968, Sugimura and Yanagawa described a small 25 nm virus like particle in association with the Matsuda strain of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV). Domoto and Yanagawa showed that this particle was dependent on ICHV for its replication in primary dog kidney cell cultures (PDK) and was resistant to heating at 70°C for 10 min, and concluded that it was a canine adeno-associated virus (CAAV). Later studies by Onuma and Yanagawa compared CAAV with the known human serotypes (AAV 1, 2, 3) and AAV-4, known to be associated with African Green Monkeys. Using the complement fixation (CF) test, they found that CAAV was serologically related to AAV-3 and had wide distribution in the dog population of Japan.

A quantitative image analysis method for the determination of cocontinuity in polymer blends

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 894-895
Author(s):  
William A. Heeschen
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Phase Ratio ◽  
Irregular Shapes ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Discrete Domains ◽  
A Domains

Two new morphological measurements based on digital image analysis, CoContinuity and CoContinuity Balance, have been developed and implemented for quantitative measurement of morphology in polymer blends. The morphology of polymer blends varies with phase ratio, composition and processing. A typical morphological evolution for increasing phase ratio of polymer A to polymer B starts with discrete domains of A in a matrix of B (A/B < 1), moves through a cocontinuous distribution of A and B (A/B ≈ 1) and finishes with discrete domains of B in a matrix of A (A/B > 1). For low phase ratios, A is often seen as solid convex particles embedded in the continuous B phase. As the ratio increases, A domains begin to evolve into irregular shapes, though still recognizable as separate domains. Further increase in the phase ratio leads to A domains which extend into and surround the B phase while the B phase simultaneously extends into and surrounds the A phase.

Biosecurity: tools, behaviours and concepts

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-452
Author(s):  
Alan MacLeod ◽  
Nicola Spence
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.

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