scholarly journals Etiologies of bloodstream infection and antimicrobial resistance: A cross sectional study among patients in a tertiary hospital, Northern Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ireneus Mauki ◽  
Jesca Deogratias William ◽  
Henry Lucas Mlay ◽  
Adonira Tajaeli Saro ◽  
Samwel Ole Saringe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: Bloodstream infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people of all age groups, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, a recent report indicates that case fatality rate of 37% is attributed to bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with bloodstream infections as well as to determine resistance pattern of bacterial isolates among patients visiting Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2019 at KCMC. A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Blood samples were collected for culture, malaria rapid test, typhoid and brucella tests. Clinical features, co-morbid conditions and patients' hospitalization data were recorded in the questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with bloodstream infections. Predictors of the outcome were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of bloodstream infections was 52(26%). Participants with stomachache had less odds of having bloodstream infections as compared to other patients with symptoms (AOR=0.22, 5.33, 95%CI=0.05-0.97; p=0.04).  Of the XX identified isolates Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest rates of resistance for Meropenem 8(88.8%), Cefotaxime 6(66.6%, Amikacin 6(66.6%), Gentamicin 6(66.6%) and Imipenem 6(66.6%). The lowest level of resistance was observed in Ceftriaxone 1(11.1%). Conclusion: Bloodstream infections were highly prevalent in this sample (26%). Staphylococcus spp was the most commonly isolated organism and exhibited a high resistance rate to most antibiotics. This calls for increased and coordinated efforts to improve the identification, treatment and management of bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance, thereby improving clinical practice.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals Regarding Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Their Consequences: A Cross Sectional Study in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Baraka ◽  
Amany Alboghdadly ◽  
Samar Alshawwa ◽  
Asim Ahmed Elnour ◽  
Hassan Alsultan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Factors Influencing

Factors reported in the literature associated with inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials include physicians with less experience, uncertain diagnosis, and patient caregiver influences on physicians’ decisions. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance is critical for identifying emerging resistance patterns, developing, and assessing the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Improvement in prescribing antimicrobials would minimize the risk of resistance and, consequently, improve patients’ clinical and health outcomes. The purpose of the study is to delineate factors associated with antimicrobial resistance, describe the factors influencing prescriber’s choice during prescribing of antimicrobial, and examine factors related to consequences of inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobial. A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare providers (190) in six tertiary hospitals in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The research panel has developed, validated, and piloted survey specific with closed-ended questions. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 23.0). 72.7% of the respondents have agreed that poor skills and knowledge are key factors that contribute to the inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials. All of the respondents acknowledged effectiveness, previous experience with the antimicrobial, and reading scientific materials (such as books, articles, and the internet) as being key factors influencing physicians’ choice during antimicrobial prescribing. The current study has identified comprehensive education and training needs for healthcare providers about antimicrobial resistance. Using antimicrobials unnecessarily, insufficient duration of antimicrobial use, and using broad spectrum antimicrobials were reported to be common practices. Furthermore, poor skills and knowledge were a key factor that contributed to the inappropriate use and overuse of antimicrobials, and the use of antimicrobials without a physician’s prescription (i.e., self-medication) represent key factors which contribute to AMR from participants’ perspectives. Furthermore, internal policy and guidelines are needed to ensure that the antimicrobials are prescribed in accordance with standard protocols and clinical guidelines.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality in Women and Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Dalal ◽  
Isotta Triulzi ◽  
Ananthu James ◽  
Benedict Nguimbis ◽  
Gabriela Guizzo Dri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
Sub Saharan

Objective: To investigate differences of COVID-19 related mortality among women and men across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from the beginning of the pandemic. Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Data from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until September 1, 2020. Participants: 69,580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men, n=43071; women, n=26509) and age (0-39 years, n=41682; 40-59 years, n=20757; 60+ years, n=7141). Main outcome measures: We computed the SSA- and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach. Results: A total of 1,656 (2.4% of total cases reported; 1656/69580) deaths were reported, with men accounting for 1168/1656 (70.5%) of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean CFR<diff> = -0.9%; 95% credible intervals -1.1% to -0.6%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 or more (40-59 age-group: mean CFR<diff> = -0.7%; 95% credible intervals -1.1% to -0.2%; 60+ age-group: mean CFR<diff> = -3.9%; 95% credible intervals -5.3% to -2.4%). At the country level, seven of the twenty SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ age-group in seven countries and 40-59 age-group in one country. Conclusions: Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality. Countries should prioritize the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data to understand the evolution of the pandemic. This is essential to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender sensitive public health response.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Land Ownership by Women in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-264
Author(s):  
Douglas Andabati Candia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Aims: There is growing evidence concerning the significance of asset ownership by women. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, asset ownership is lower for women compared to men. This study investigated factors associated with land ownership by women in Uganda. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data was collected by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics from 20 June to 16 December 2016.  Methodology: The logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors significantly associated with land ownership. Results: The likelihood of a woman owning land increased with an increase in her age and reduced with improvement in her household's wealth index. Furthermore, the likelihood of owning land was lowest for women; aged 18-19 years, residing in the Central region, residing in urban areas, of single status, with no account in a bank or other financial institution, in the richest wealth index category, and those currently not working. Conclusion: There is a need to develop more effective strategies to empower women regarding land ownership and control. There is a need to sensitize women about their rights to land ownership, about saving with registered financial institutions which increases their likelihood of accessing alternative funding sources to support their purchase of land and other valuable assets.

scholarly journals Prevalence, factors associated and treatment outcome of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates admitted to St Francis hospital, Nsambya, Uganda: a descriptive study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Catherine Nyangabyaki-Twesigye ◽  
Edison Mworozi ◽  
Charles Namisi ◽  
Victoria Nakibuuka ◽  
Joshua Kayiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Haemolytic Disease ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
National Referral Hospital ◽  
Timely Treatment

Background: With targeted management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in high-income countries, there has been a dras- tic drop in both the prevalence and mortality. On the contrary, over two-thirds of the global burden of neonatal hyperbiliru- binaemia is in Sub-saharan Africa and South East Asia with a high mortality risk of 16-35%. Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is not a leading global cause of neonatal mortality, however leads to irreversible neurological damage and death when managed poorly. Three-quarters of the babies admitted to the national referral hospital in Uganda had significant hyperbilirubin- aremia; 16.6% of these babies died. We aimed at determining the prevalence, treatment outcome and describing factors associated with hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates admitted to St Francis hospital, Nsambya. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out. A total of 242 files of babies with a preliminary diagnosis of hyperbiliru- binaemia were retrieved retrospectively. Relevant data was extracted from the files and analysed using STATA version 14.0. Results: The prevalence of significant hyperbillirubinaemia was 22.7% (55/242). Seventy-seven percent of the babies ad- mitted did not require treatment for hyperbilirubinaemia. No factors were found to be significantly associated with sig- nificant hyperbilirubinaemia. The case fatality for severe hyperbilirubinaemia was 20% (6/30); half of these babies had haemolytic disease of the newborn. Conclusion: Establishment of local guidelines will prevent unnecessary admissions and ensure timely treatment is admin- istered. Longitudinal studies are required to discover factors associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in this region. Keywords: Neonatal jaundice; hyperbilirubinaemia; phototherapy; exchange transfusion.  

scholarly journals Bio-behavioral survey of syphilis in homeless men in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleiciane Vieira de Lima Barros ◽  
Hélio Galdino Júnior ◽  
Giovanni Rezza ◽  
Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽  
Priscilla Martins Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Homeless Men ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Syphilis

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with syphilis in homeless men in Central Brazil. It is a cross-sectional study conducted with 481 individuals attending four therapeutic communities between October and December 2015. A structured interview was conducted to collect sociodemographic data and risk factors for syphilis. Rapid/point-of-care and VDRL tests were performed to determine exposure to syphilis and the presence of active syphilis, respectively. Poisson regression analysis was used to verify the risk factors associated with the outcomes investigated. Of the study participants, 10.2% were reactive to the rapid test, and 5.4% had active syphilis. At the multiple regression analysis, schooling (adjusted prevalence ratio - APR: 0.89; p = 0.005), history of genital ulcer (APR: 2.59; p = 0.002), STI history (APR: 1.97; p = 0.042), and sexual intercourse under drug effects (APR: 1.60; p = 0.022) were independent factors associated with lifetime syphilis. Also, history of genital ulcer (APR: 2.19; p = 0.019), STI history (APR: 1.74; p = 0.033) and number of sexual partners in the last year (APR: 1.02; p = 0.044) were associated with active syphilis. The prevalence of syphilis among homeless men was rather high, confirming the vulnerability of this group to this infection. These results emphasize the need for educational intervention, improvement of risk reduction programs, availability of diagnostic tests, especially the rapid test, and treatment.

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