scholarly journals Verticillium—Induced Scorch and Chlorosis in Ash

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Worf ◽  
R. N. Spear ◽  
M. F. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intensive Sampling ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Light Green ◽  
Symptom Recurrence

Abstract Verticillium dahliae appears to be the causal agent of a common disorder of white and green ash that has increasingly affected nursery and landscape trees in the Upper Midwest. Affected trees are without wilting or vascular discoloration typical of Verticillium symptoms on other woody hosts, although upper branch and unilateral distribution patterns remain common and important clues. Symptoms include considerable light green to chlorotic foliage followed by irregular leaf scorch, defoliation and branch dieback. The fungus was best isolated from leaf petioles on potato dextrose agar containing 100 ppm iprodione + 200 ppm chloramphenicol. Repeated and intensive sampling was often necessary to detect the fungus. Symptom recurrence in following years was common but erratic and unpredictable. A discussion of environmental influences and control possibilities is included.

scholarly journals First Report of Hypoxylon diatrypeoides Inducing Dieback and Black Trunk Rot on Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) in Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-447
Author(s):  
Rodolfo De La Torre-Almaráz ◽  
Fabiola Maribel Cota-Trujillo ◽  
Felipe San Martín
Keyword(s):  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
First Report ◽  
University Of Georgia ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

During 2001, branch dieback, black trunk rot, and resinosis were observed on mesquite in the biosphere reserve of Tehuacan, Mexico (18°15′N, 97°25′W) A light brown growth, which included Nodulosporium-like conidiosphores and hyaline conidia that were green in mass and ellipsoid with one end truncate developed on diseased branches. Below the conidiophores and conidia, glomerate to pulvinate stromata formed with conspicuous, black, perithecial mounds with globose perithecia. Ascospores were dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid, nonequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, a straight germ slit with a perispore that was dehiscent in 10% KOH, and a conspicuous coil-like, smooth epispore. Sexual reproduction was induced on sterile toothpicks in potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar, or V8 agar (with 10% calcium chloride). The fungus was identified as Hypoxylon diatrypeoides Rehm (1). Samples of mesquite branches with stromata of H. diatrypeoides were deposited in the J. H. Miller Herbarium of the University of Georgia (GAM16048). During the summer of 2002, three pathogenicity tests were performed under greenhouse conditions using three healthy young mesquite plants (25 cm high) per treatment per test. The treatments were: (i) inoculation of branches by wounding with a colonized toothpick from V8 agar, covered with mycelium and perithecia; (ii) spraying ascospores on branches previously wounded with a sterile toothpick; (iii) spraying ascospores on unwounded plants; (iv) plants wounded with sterile toothpicks; and (v) unwounded and uninoculated plants. Fifteen days after inoculation, branch dieback and black trunk rot symptoms were induced in 100% of mesquite plants inoculated with toothpicks and in 50% of wounded plants inoculated with ascospores. No symptoms were seen in the unwounded plants and control treatments. H. diatrypeoides was reisolated from the symptomatic branches. Previously, the fungus had been reported only from the Southern Hemisphere (Brazil and New Zealand), but to our knowledge, this is the first report from Mexico and the Northern Hemisphere. This is also the first evidence of its role as a plant pathogen. Reference: (1) Y. M. Ju and J. D. Rogers. A revision of the genus Hypoxylon. Mycologia Memoir No 20. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996.

scholarly journals Imidacloprid Concentrations in Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Following Treatments with Two Trunk-Injection Methods

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Mark Harrell
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
Trunk Injection ◽  
And Control

Two imidacloprid trunk-injection products (Pointer TMand Imicide®) were applied to green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) in May and July to compare the concentrations of imidacloprid in sap and leaf and trunk tissues after the injections. Sap samples were extracted from shoots 0, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment and analyzed for imidacloprid. Dry leaf samples were analyzed for imidacloprid at 30 and 90 days after treatment. Combined xylem and cambial zone samples were analyzed for imidacloprid at 90 days after treatment at 0.5 m (1.65 ft) and 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above the injection sites. Sap imidacloprid concentrations in trees treated in May with Pointer were significantly higher than the untreated control at 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05) but were not significantly different from the control on other days or different from Imicide on any day. Sap imidacloprid levels in trees treated in July with Pointer were significantly higher than the control at 30 days after treatment but were not significantly different from Imicide. Dry leaf imidacloprid levels in trees treated with Pointer were significantly higher than the Imicide and control treatments at 30 and 90 days after treatment. Xylem and cambial zone imidacloprid levels in trees treated with Pointer were significant higher than the Imicide and control treatments at 90 days after treatment at 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above the injection sites but were not significantly higher at 0.5 m (1.65 ft). No imidacloprid levels from Imicide were significantly different from those in the untreated control trees.

scholarly journals Typology and distribution of antennal sensory organs of adults Haematobia irritans of the Midwest Region of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando de Freitas Fernandes ◽  
Paulo Filemon Paolucci Pimenta
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Considering the great economic and sanitarian importance of Haematobia irritans − the development of resistance of this species to the main chemical insecticides used in its control, in several other localities of the world; as well as that different strains of the same species frequently present different types and distribution patterns −, the present aim study was to investigate the typology and distribution of different types of sensillae of H. irritans adults, from populations of this fly present in Brazilian Midwest, with emphasis on olfactory sensillae. This study provides new data on the typology and sensillary distribution of antennal sensilla of this fly. In the antennal segments were found non-innervated spinules and ten subtypes of sensilla: long bristles sensillum, long basiconic sensillum, blunt coeloconic sensillum, clavate coeloconic sensilla − single-tip and double-tip subtypes −, grooved coeloconic sensillum, long grooved coeloconic sensillum, trichoid sensillum, coeloconic sensillum, and smaller basiconic sensillum. A slight sexual dimorphism was observed in the antennal sensillae of H. irritans. These results provide a morphological basis for future investigations on olfactory-mediated behavior of this species, and could assist future studies for the development of alternative measures to the monitoring and control of this fly populations, with less environmental impact.

scholarly journals Critical transitions in malaria transmission models are consistently generated by superinfection

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20180275 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alonso ◽  
Andy Dobson ◽  
Mercedes Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Critical Transitions ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

The history of modelling vector-borne infections essentially begins with the papers by Ross on malaria. His models assume that the dynamics of malaria can most simply be characterized by two equations that describe the prevalence of malaria in the human and mosquito hosts. This structure has formed the central core of models for malaria and most other vector-borne diseases for the past century, with additions acknowledging important aetiological details. We partially add to this tradition by describing a malaria model that provides for vital dynamics in the vector and the possibility of super-infection in the human host: reinfection of asymptomatic hosts before they have cleared a prior infection. These key features of malaria aetiology create the potential for break points in the prevalence of infected hosts, sudden transitions that seem to characterize malaria’s response to control in different locations. We show that this potential for critical transitions is a general and underappreciated feature of any model for vector-borne diseases with incomplete immunity, including the canonical Ross–McDonald model. Ignoring these details of the host’s immune response to infection can potentially lead to serious misunderstanding in the interpretation of malaria distribution patterns and the design of control schemes for other vector-borne diseases.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and feasibility of deprescribing of symptomatic medications in a Singapore rehabilitation hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Charissa Ann Jia Ming Ee ◽  
Kheng Hock Lee ◽  
Hee Lim Tan ◽  
Lian Leng Low
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Symptomatic Management ◽  
And Control ◽  
Symptom Recurrence

Introduction: This study aims to determine the effectiveness, cost savings and feasibility of implementing a systematic process of deprescribing medications for symptomatic management, namely, acid suppressants, laxatives, analgesics and antiemetics for patients of a Singapore rehabilitation hospital. Methods: A total of 200 patients were randomized to a deprescribing intervention ( n = 100) or control (usual care) group ( n = 100). The patient-centred deprescribing process was utilized. Symptomatic medications were deprescribed following initial pharmacist assessment, discussion with doctors and consideration of patients’ preferences regarding discontinuation or dose reduction. Symptom recurrence, adverse drug withdrawal events (ADWEs) and the need for drug re-initiation or initiation of new symptomatic medications after deprescribing were monitored in the first, second and sixth weeks. Results: The mean age of patients was 72.8 years and 68.6 years in the intervention and control groups. There were no significant reductions in the monthly cost and total number of medications between both intervention and control groups. Systematic deprescribing of acid suppressants was the highest among the four target drug classes. Recurrence of pain and re-initiation of analgesics occurred in two out of seven cases of discontinuation. However, no ADWEs or constipation were noted in the intervention group. On average, a total of 19 minutes was required by pharmacists and doctors to complete the deprescribing process. Conclusion: The systematic deprescribing of symptomatic medications did not reduce costs nor the total number of medications. The risk of symptom recurrence and adverse events was negligible. Knowledge, attitudes and collaboration among healthcare professionals regarding deprescribing are critical. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT03354845.

scholarly journals Construction of the Primorsky No. 1 and No. 2 International Transport Corridors: Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2120
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Suocheng Dong ◽  
Tamir Boldanov ◽  
Fujia Li ◽  
Hao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
International Transport ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mitigation Policies ◽  
Research Studies

The construction of the Primorsky No. 1 and No. 2 international transport corridors is of great strategic significance to China and Russia. These corridors will solve the problem of the absence of an estuary in Northeast China by sailing from Russian ports and concurrently greatly improve Russia’s position in the world’s transport system. However, existing research studies mainly focus on the strategic significance of these corridors, while research studies on the identification, evaluation, and mitigation policies of their construction risks are rare, which inhibits the construction progress. To promote the construction of these corridors, we firstly identify the main risks in the construction of these corridors, which are economic, transport infrastructure-related, policy-related, eco-environmental, and disaster-related risks. Then, we establish a comprehensive evaluation system, and by applying the entropy method, we quantitatively evaluate the degrees of risks in regions along the transport corridors, reveal their spatial distribution patterns, and identify the key prevention and control regions for these risks. Afterwards, we propose targeted mitigation policies such as establishing innovative cooperation modes and a special foundation to mitigate economic risk and formulate further regional development policies to mitigate policy-related risk. This research will provide scientific support for risk prevention and control for the construction of these corridors.

scholarly journals First Report of Botryosphaeria ribis as a Branch Dieback Pathogen of Olive Trees in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Romero ◽  
M. E. Sánchez ◽  
A. Trapero
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
And Control

Botryosphaeria spp. are known to produce cankers and dieback in several woody hosts. Since 2001, a severe disease resulting in the dieback of branches was observed in olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Andalucía, southern Spain, where the only cultivar affected was Gordal de Sevilla. The affected trees showed abundant dead twigs, and wilted leaves remained attached. These symptoms were similar to those caused by Resseliella oleisuga, a bark borer insect common in the region. Closer inspection showed no evidence of insects, but revealed reddish brown bark lesions that girdled the affected branches. When the outer bark was removed, the affected tissue appeared dark brown, in contrast to the yellowish green of healthy inner bark. A Fusicoccum sp. was consistently isolated from the necrotic bark. Conidia produced in black pycnidia were hyaline, aseptate, fusoid, with a truncate base averaging 19.9 × 6.7 μm, becoming pale brown with all cells the same color, and developing one or two septa when germinated. These characteristics conform to Fusicoccum ribis (1), the anamorph of B. ribis. Pathogenicity of two isolates from symptomatic branches was determined by stem inoculations of 4-year-old cv. Gordal de Sevilla grafted on wild olive trees growing in plastic pots containing a sand/lime/peat soil mixture. Both isolates were inoculated by three techniques. In the first, 7-mm-diameter agar plugs bearing actively growing mycelium were applied to 7-mm-diameter bark wounds made with a cork borer on the middle point of stems (averaging 10 mm in diameter). In the second technique, the same type of inoculum was applied directly to the bark without any wounding. For the third technique, 100 μl of conidial suspension in water (2 × 105 conidia per ml) was applied to bark wounds. The inoculated stem sections were wrapped in Parafilm to retain moisture. All inoculated and control plants (only sterile agar medium or sterile water added) were kept in a greenhouse and watered as needed. There were three replicate plants per isolate and inoculation technique. After 3 months, all plants inoculated with mycelium applied to wounds showed girdling and apical death with browning and wilting of leaves above the inoculation point. In the treatments where mycelium was applied to unwounded bark or where conidial suspensions were applied to wounds, small bark cankers developed to 56 mm long, but neither girdling nor foliar wilting were observed. No symptoms developed in the control plants. There were no significant differences in pathogenicity between the two F. ribis isolates. F. ribis was recovered from necrotic bark from every inoculated plant. These results demonstrate that B. ribis is pathogenic on cv. Gordal de Sevilla olives, and they indicate that bark wounding favors lesion development but is not needed for infection. Reference: (1) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.

scholarly journals FUNGAL DISTRIBUTION AND LIVESTOCK DEFOLIATION PATTERNS IN PASTURE ECOSYSTEMS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF DIETARY-DEPENDENT DISORDERS

1986 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Fungal Distribution ◽  
Facial Eczema ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
And Control

The fungal saprophytes, Pithomyces chartorum and Fusorium culmorum, have similar distribution patterns in grazed-pasture ecosystems. Spore loads (and toxin levels) of each are highest at the base of pastures and rapidly decline up the profile. But variation is considerable from site to site within a pasture, with the highest levels associated with high N (viz: urine-patch) sites. In vegetative tillers of ryegrass the fungal endophyte, Acremonium lolii, has a similar vertical distribution pattern to the above-mentioned saprophytes, the greatest concentration being in the leaf sheath component in the pasture base. It also develops better within ryegrass at high N sites. Grazed-pastures are not uniformly defoliated by livestock during summer and autumn - urine-patch sites are grazed more frequently and intensively and dung-patch sites less frequently and intensively than the remainder of a pasture, especially when set-stocked. The close grazing which occurs at urine-patch sites, especially in grass-dominant pastures can, therefore, contribute disproportionately to the acquisition of fungal toxins by livestock. Observations of field outbreaks and results of grazing experiments show that the risk of outbreaks of ryegrass staggers in sheep is greater under set-stocking and during the latter stages of defoliation of a pasture in a rotational system. When necessary defoliation, especially at urinepatch sites, and hence acquisition of fungal contaminants (and toxins), can be controlled adequately by a rapid rotation in which stock are moved daily. Moving stock less frequently does not control defoliation or the development of dietary-dependent disorders. Keywords: Pasture fungi, saprophytes, ryegrass endophyte, distribution patterns, feeding behaviour, toxin acquisition, dietary-dependent disorders, facial eczema, ryegrass staggers, ill-thrift, infertility, grazing management and control.

scholarly journals STUDI PEMETAAN MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT (MDR) ESCHERICHIA COLI PADA PETERNAKAN BABI DI KOTA KUPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Novallino Kallau ◽  
I Wayan Teguh Wibawan ◽  
Denny Widaya Lukman ◽  
Mirnawati Baharudin Sudarwanto
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on pig farms in Kupang City by using mapping analysis. Data on E. coli resistance comes from the results of laboratory analysis and as secondary data for spatial analysis. Spatial analysis uses the nearest neighbour index, convex hull and elementary analysis of disease methods. The results of this study have shown a high prevalence of E. coli (85.4%) with clustered distribution patterns and have a wide spread (10920 ha) in the area in Kupang City. MDR E. coli had a moderate prevalence (57.31%) by forming a group spread pattern and a wide spread (7778 Ha) on pig farms in Kupang City. This result encourages prevention and control efforts by all interested parties so that the rate of spread of resistant E. coli can be reduced.

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