scholarly journals War Photography: Díaz & Spencer’s coverage of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883)

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
Candela Marini
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
War Photography ◽  
Visual Technology ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Commercial Opportunity ◽  
The Military ◽  
War Of The Pacific

In the study of 19th-century Latin American photography, the photographic capture of war and military operations has implicitly been equated with the eye of national states, understanding that photographers would want to show a positive portrayal of the military forces. However, war photography as a language of state power was not the point of departure. In most of the earlier examples of war photography, it was private photographers who first ventured into military conflicts almost as soon as the new visual technology was made available. They saw war as both an important historical event and a commercial opportunity. Experiencing with a technology that forced them to produce images of war stripped of battle action while trying to capitalize on the diverse interests in these conflicts, most photographers offered a rendering of war of ambiguous political meanings. In this essay, I argue that the photographs of the War of the Pacific taken by the studio Díaz & Spencer are one of the first examples of the successful use of war photography for nation-building purposes, that is, as national propaganda. Photographers had the challenge to create impressive, apologetic and heroic captures of the military forces, and Díaz & Spencer succeeded in creating a visual narrative congruent with Chilean official discourses, consolidating, rather than challenging, the Chilean state view of the war. Equally important, this allignment of political views was accomplished on account of Díaz and Spencer’s initiative—not that of Chilean state officials.

José Martí's “Evening of Emerson” and the United Statesian Literary Tradition

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
LAURA LOMAS
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Jose Marti ◽  
Chinese Exclusion ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
A Minor ◽  
War Of The Pacific ◽  
Exclusion Act

Revising a century of interpretation that has emphasized the identification of José Martí with Ralph Waldo Emerson, this essay draws on Martí's unpublished and published manuscripts about Emerson to reveal Martí's keen sense of his difference from the New England bard. When we read Martí's 1882 eulogy to Emerson alongside contemporaneous essays about the Chinese Exclusion Act and the War of the Pacific, Martí's epiphany – which he calls the “evening of Emerson” – comes to suggest the evanescence of Emerson's influence. Martí here glimpses his contribution: a creative resignification and translation of Emerson and US culture more broadly in order to arrive at a distinct version of nuestra América. Although Emerson's influence persists, as he provides the phrase “our America,” Martí's interpretation transposes the phrase to a minor key and reveals the perspective of the Latin American migrant who presciently observes the threat of imperial expansion.

The Socialist Republic of Chile

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Ray Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

By Latin-American standards, Chile has enjoyed a remarkably stable government. Yet, there have been significant intervals of political unrest marked by violence and internal disorder. At both the beginning and the end of the nineteenth century, Liberals and Conservatives clashed in bloody battles, opening wounds that festered for many years. In the early decades of the twentieth century, the military revolted three times in the space of eight years (1924-1932) in order to promote social reform. Marmaduke Grove Vallejo figured prominently in these events, first as a participant in the January uprising of 1925, later as an opponent of the dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, and finally as a leader of the military forces that overthrew the government of Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez and established the Socialist Republic of Chile.

Kiprah Komando Pasukan Sandhi Yudha dalam Operasi Militer di Indonesia Tahun 1971-1985

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-254
Author(s):  
Septian Minurdin
Keyword(s):  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
The Military

Research’s background in this study was to investigate Indonesia’s Special Forces formation and military operation conducted by Indonesia Special Forces. After the Proclamation of Independence. Indonesia had no official military forces. At that time, military forces were derived from former independence fighters with a non-formal organization. Indonesia absolutely needed the military forces since the country encountered an attempts of disintegration namely rebellion in many provinces. After military forces established, Indonesia apparently could not overcome the domestic issue, therefore it was very essential to form Special Forces that could conduct military operation more effectively and efficiently. Problem formulation in this research is “how was the role of Sandhi Yudha Forces Command in conducting a military operation in Indonesia from 1971 to 1985?”. The study used the historical method, with four research procedure that are heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography. Moreover, literature study by analysed relevant sources was applied. The study research revealed, Firstly, Indonesia’s Special Forces was formed owing to the needs of a military operation in coping rebellions after Indonesia’s independence. Secondly, after the formation, Indonesia’s Special Forces has undergone numbers of re-organization that aim to improve the needs and system organization. These act as an effect from the development of forces and country ability in funding Special Forces' institution. Thirdly, after re-organization process between 1971 to 1985, Indonesia’s Special Forces has conducted numbers of combat and non-combat military operations, such as Valey X Expedition in West Irian, the quell of Communist Group in West Kalimantan and Hostages' Rescuing Operation of Garuda Airline DC-9-WOYLA in Don Muang Airport, Thailand

Mission Command & Manoeuvrist Approach – Basic Principles of Nato Urban Operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Lucian Ispas ◽  
Paul Tudorache
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environments ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
The Military ◽  
Difficult Situations

Abstract Analyzing the recent confrontations, as those from Syria, Ukraine, Iraq, and so on, we have found that most of the military operations, at least the decisive ones, have taken place predominantly in urban environments whose fundamental characteristics are given, especially by the density of buildings and population. Carrying out operations in such environments, particularly offensive, requires the military forces to deal with the most complex and difficult situations, because in addition to engaging a very diverse typology of adversaries, it is also necessary to apply control measures in order to limit the losses and collateral damage among own forces and local populations. As a result, this context has imposed an operational adaptation of military forces, whose principles consist in manoeuvrist approach and mission command, which, correlated and applied coherently, finally led to the desired end states.

“La Prusia americana”: prensa argentina e imaginario internacional de Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1881)

2016 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mauricio Rubilar Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
South American ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
International Dimension ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Press ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
War Of The Pacific

ResumenLa prensa sudamericana, en particular la de Buenos Aires, tuvo un amplio y heterogéneo desarrollo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, resultado y expresión de diversas orientaciones políticas, caracterizándose por ser una prensa de opinión, doctrinaria, de trinchera y cada vez más informativa en virtud de los acontecimientos que marcaron el desarrollo de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Uno de esos eventos trascendentales a nivel regional fue la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883) que enfrentó a Chile contra la alianza de Perú y Bolivia. Este conflicto adquirió una importante dimensión internacional y generó un permanente interés informativo en la prensa argentina. Por consiguiente, el artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la actitud discursiva que adoptó parte de la prensa de Buenos Aires al momento de analizar y juzgar la conducta de Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico. Planteamos la existencia de un “negativo imaginario internacional” que sematerializó en la formulación de un discurso periodístico que asignó a Chile y a los chilenos una conducta bélica “agresiva, expansionista y opuestaa los principios de la civilización”, la cual amenazaría potencialmente losintereses nacionales argentinos en el contexto de las disputas limítrofes entre ambos países.Palabras clave: Guerra del Pacífico; Argentina; Prensa; Opinión Pública“The american Prussia”: Argentinian press and international imaginary in Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879-1881)AbstractThe South American press, particularly in Buenos Aires, had a large and heterogeneous development in the second half of the Nineteenth Century, as a result and expression of different political persuasions, characterized by being a press of opinion, doctrinaire, of trench and increasingly informative under the events that marked the development of Latin American societies. One of those transcendent events at the regional level was the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) where Chile fought against Peru and Bolivia alliance. That conflict acquired an important international dimension and created a permanent information interest in Argentina press. Therefore, the article aims to characterize the discursive attitude adopted by part of the press of Buenos Aires at the time to analyze and judge the Chilean performance during the War of the Pacific. We propose the existence of an “international negative imaginary”, materialized in the formulation of a journalistic discourse that assigned to Chile and Chileans a war conduct that was “aggressive, expansionistand opposed to the principles of civilization”, which potentially threaten the national Argentine interests in the context of border disputes betweenthe two countries.Keywords: Pacific War; Argentina; press; public opinion“A Prussia americana”: imprensa argentina e imaginário internacional do Chile durante a Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1881)ResumoA imprensa sul-americana, particularmente Buenos Aires, teve um amplo e heterogêneo desenvolvimento na segunda meta de do século XIX, resultado e expressão das diversas orientações políticas, com a característica de ser uma imprensa de opinião, doutrinária e de trincheira, cada vez mais informativa em virtude dos acontecimentos que marcaram o desenvolvimento das sociedades latino-americanas. Um desses acontecimentos importantes a nível regional foi a Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1883) que enfrentou a Chile contra a aliança de Peru e Bolívia. Este conflito adquiriu uma dimensão internacional importante e gerou um permanente interesse informativo na imprensa argentina. Portanto, o artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar a atitude discursiva adotada pela imprensa de Buenos Aires ao momento de analisar e julgar aconduta do Chile durante a Guerra do Pacífico. Propomos a existência de um “negativo imaginário internacional” que se materializou na formulação de um discurso jornalístico que atribuiu ao Chile e aos chilenos uma conduta bélica “agressivo, expansionista e oposta aos princípios da civilização”, aqual poderia ameaçar os interesses nacionais argentinos no contexto das disputas fronteiriças entre os dois países.Palavras-chave: Guerra do Pacífico; Argentina; Imprensa; Opinião Pública

Curse on This Country

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Orbach
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
The Government ◽  
Imperial Japanese Army ◽  
Blind Obedience ◽  
The Military

Imperial Japanese soldiers were notorious for blindly following orders, and their enemies in the Pacific War derided them as “cattle to the slaughter.” But, in fact, the Imperial Japanese Army had a long history as one of the most disobedient armies in the world. Officers repeatedly staged coups d'états, violent insurrections, and political assassinations; their associates defied orders given by both the government and the general staff, launched independent military operations against other countries, and in two notorious cases conspired to assassinate foreign leaders despite direct orders to the contrary. This book explains the culture of rebellion in the Japanese armed forces. The consequences were dire, as the armed forces dragged the government into more and more of China across the 1930s—a culture of rebellion that made the Pacific War possible. This book argues that brazen defiance, rather than blind obedience, was the motive force of modern Japanese history. The book follows a series of dramatic events: assassinations in the dark corners of Tokyo, the famous rebellion of Saigō Takamori, the “accidental” invasion of Taiwan, the Japanese ambassador's plot to murder the queen of Korea, and the military–political crisis in which the Japanese prime minister “changed colors.” Finally, through the sinister plots of the clandestine Cherry Blossom Society, we follow the deterioration of Japan into chaos, fascism, and world war.

British Business on the West Coast of South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Greenhill ◽  
Rory M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
War Of The Pacific ◽  
Business Influence

Broadly speaking, historians have considered the development of British business on the west coast of South America in the 19th and 20th centuries with a strong focus on Chile and Peru and in the light of two different historiographical approaches: debate over the organization of British business overseas and controversies over informal imperialism and dependency. Initially, the most visible examples of British business influence were merchants who arrived at the time of independence in the early 19th century, although from the middle of the century there was also significant investment in government bonds (sovereign debt). After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), “freestanding companies” and investment groups, often organized by commercial houses handling Latin American exports, became the main vehicle for British capital flows. The activities of merchants and other suppliers of business services, such as shipping firms, banks, and insurance companies, together with the development of freestanding companies in railways and resource extraction after the War of the Pacific, certainly accelerated the incorporation of Peru and Chile into the expanding global economy. While it is difficult to find concrete examples of direct intervention by British firms in local politics, the growth of foreign business did set constraints on the autonomy of Latin American governments, which became dependent on the direct and indirect income from commodity exports. However, it also provided opportunities for local politicians and business elites, especially in the 1880s and the decade before the First World War when London financial institutions were seeking new openings for direct investment overseas. During the interwar period, British business influence began to fade as merchants and banks ran into greater difficulties, and US participation in the west coast economies, especially in resource extraction (mining and oil), grew. Although some major British multinational firms did invest in industry in Peru and Chile following the Second World War, little British business remained in the region after the 1970s.

Early Positivistic Thought and Ideological Conflict in Chile

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bader
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ideological Conflict ◽  
The Republic ◽  
War Of The Pacific ◽  
Latin American Countries

Although virtually unstudied, the introduction of the philosophy of positivism into Chile acted as a catalyst upon the development of that country during the decade before the War of the Pacific. Scholars have given appropriate attention to the influence of positivism as it became significant in other Latin American countries during the eighteen-seventies, and Leopold Zea has discussed the importance of that philosophic system in Chile during the years which followed the west coast conflict of 1879-1883. However, despite the ever increasing number of articles and monographs dealing with positivism, the historians of Latin America have ignored the philosophy's growth in the Republic of Chile before the war and the effect of that growth upon the ideologies already extant in the Pacific coast nation.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study on the Development of a Deployable Tactical EMP Tent for a Sustainable Military Facility

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Kukjoo Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ryeung Min ◽  
Young-Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulses ◽  
Fixed Weight ◽  
Operational Readiness ◽  
The Military ◽  
Transaction Price ◽  
Delphi Analysis ◽  
Weight Structures

The Korean peninsula is under increasing threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) from neighboring countries; EMP protection facilities are an essential means of ensuring the operational readiness of the military. However, existing EMP protection facilities are manufactured as fixed-weight structures, which limit the mobility of military operations and lead to the misconception of EMP protection as something only required for higher command. The current military and official EMP protection standards require only a uniform shielding effectiveness of 80 dB. Therefore, this study aims to differentiate the existing uniform level of shielding effectiveness of 80 dB into 80 dB, 60 dB, 40 dB, etc. Further, it seeks to derive the factors to be considered when applying various methods, such as shielding rooms, shielding racks, site redundancy, spare equipment, and portable lightweight protective tents, for recovery of failure, instead of the existing protection facilities that rely on shielded rooms by the Delphi analysis. Then, the applicability of lightweight EMP protection is determined after selecting lightweight materials to build a facility. The electromagnetic shielding performance of 21 types of materials was measured in the 30 MHz–1.5 GHz frequency band using ASTM-D-4935-10. The results showed the possibility of developing a lightweight EMP shielding facility, which would save approximately 316,386 tons of concrete, reducing the CO2 emissions by approximately 9,972,489 tons. Assuming that the Korean carbon transaction price is USD 50/ton CO2, the savings are equivalent to USD 49,862,435.

scholarly journals Art. XX. An Account of the Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds of Goomsur and Boad

1843 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 172-199
Author(s):  
Samuel Charters Maopherson
Keyword(s):  
General Interest ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
The Military

[Note. Several years ago, at the close of the military operations of the Madras Government in Goomsur, Captain (then Lieutenant) Macpherson executed by order of government a survey of the country, and in that service lost his health. From the Cape of Good Hope, whither he had gone for its recovery, he transmitted his notes on the religion of the Khonds to a relative in this country, who considered them to possess so much novelty and general interest, that he presented them to the Society, upon his own responsibility, and without the sanction of the writer: and a few additions having been since made, the paper is now laid before the public.]

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