Body Satisfaction in Adolescence

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Body Experience ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Standards Of Beauty

Body-satisfaction and self-satisfaction scales based on the work of Secord and Jourard (1953) were given to 146 male and 194 female adolescents ranging in age from 11 through 19 yr. Response tendencies of males and females are significantly different, females expressing more dissatisfaction with themselves and their bodies than do males. The expression of body- and self-satisfaction was not related to age for this range. Despite differences in response tendencies, male and female adolescents tended to react to body- and self-satisfaction items in a similar fashion. For both sexes the same degree of relative dissatisfaction was expressed for those aspects of the body experience associated with growth, namely, height, weight, and physique. It is also suggested that the relative expression of dissatisfaction with height, weight, chest, waist, and hips may reflect cultural factors associated with concerns with weight gain in an affluent society, rather than concerns with stylized standards of beauty.

Youth Assets and Sexual Risk Behavior: Differences Between Male and Female Adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha Mueller ◽  
Lorrie Gavin ◽  
Roy Oman ◽  
Sara Vesely ◽  
Cheryl Aspy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Youth Assets

Youth internal assets and external resources are protective factors that can help youth avoid potentially harmful behaviors. This study investigates how the relationship between youth assets or resources and two sexual risk behaviors (ever had sex and birth control use) varied by gender. Data were collected through in-home interviews from parent—adolescent dyads, including 1,219 females and 1,116 males. Important differences exist between male and female adolescents. Females with the nonparental role models or the family communication resource were more likely to report never having had sexual intercourse than were females without the resources. Among males, the aspirations for the future and responsible choices assets were associated with never having had sexual intercourse. Males and females had two assets or resources in common that were protective of never having had sex: peer role models and use of time (religion). Considering which youth assets and resources are more likely to positively influence sexual behaviors of males and females may be important when planning prevention programs with youth.

Effect of long-term undernutrition on male and female rat diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber types

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1540-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Prezant ◽  
B. Richner ◽  
T. K. Aldrich ◽  
D. E. Valentine ◽  
E. I. Gentry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Diaphragm Atrophy

The effects of long-term undernutrition (10 wk) on diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber type proportions were studied in male and female rats. Contractility and fatigue resistance indexes were measured in an in vitro diaphragm costal strip preparation by using direct stimulation at 37 degrees C. Undernutrition allowed for continued growth in males and females but with substantial reductions in weight gain. Relative to control rats of the same sex, final weights were significantly lower in undernourished males (74 +/- 3%) than females (90 +/- 5%), but weight gain was not significantly different between undernourished males (58 +/- 5%) and females (60 +/- 3%). Only in males did undernutrition significantly reduce costal diaphragm weight (to 77 +/- 5% of control). Diaphragm forces, normalized for cross-sectional area, were not significantly different from male or female control values. Fatigue resistance indexes (fatigue/baseline force) were increased at all stimulation frequencies in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. Costal diaphragm atrophy, involving types I and II fibers, occurred in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. In conclusion, despite long-term undernutrition reducing weight gain to similar levels in males and females (relative to control), there was excellent preservation of diaphragm weight, function, and structure in females but, although diaphragm atrophy occurred, there was preserved contractility and increased fatigue resistance in males.

Comparison of long-term feeding pattern between male and female Fischer 344 rats: influence of estrous cycle

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. R413-R419 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laviano ◽  
M. M. Meguid ◽  
J. R. Gleason ◽  
Z. J. Yang ◽  
T. Renvyle
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fischer 344 Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Males And Females

We studied the effect of gender on food intake, meal number, and meal size in eight 10-wk-old female and seven age-matched male Fischer 344 rats for 44 consecutive days. Although food intake (g/100 g body wt) was similar in males and females (5.42 +/- 0.10 vs. 5.13 +/- 0.13 g food.day-1.100 g body wt-1, respectively; not significant), weight gain in males was approximately seven times greater than in female rats (1.49 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03 g/day, respectively; P < 0.001). During this time, males had a relatively constant food intake. They increased their meal size but decreased their meal number. In female rats, food intake was relatively stable for the duration of the study, despite cyclically and reciprocally recurring changes in meal number and meal size, which are synchronized with the estrous cycle. Data confirm that net food intake is a dynamic process and suggest that, in the rat, the homeostasis of food intake in response to external as well as internal stimuli is maintained via the modulation of meal number and size.

Spontaneous obesity in maturing squirrel monkeys fed semipurified diets

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. R316-R321
Author(s):  
L. M. Ausman ◽  
K. M. Rasmussen ◽  
D. L. Gallina
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
Pubertal Growth Spurt ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Pubertal Growth ◽  
Males And Females

The squirrel monkey is usually a lean primate (5-10% fat) until the onset of the pubertal growth spurt at about 3 yr of age. This characteristic is generally maintained thereafter for animals fed commercial monkey biscuits. Animals fed semipurified diets containing a moderate amount of fat and sucrose continue to gain weight, however, until a frank obesity is developed. Conventionally, an animal is labeled obese when the body weight is greater than 1,200 and 800 g for males and females, respectively. By 6 yr of age, practically 100% of the animals satisfy these criteria. The carcass composition from a subset of obese animals showed that fat content ranged from 18 to 40%, and that weight gain in males heavier than 800 g represents increasing proportions of fat. The annual weight cycling ascribed to sexual activity appeared to remain superimposed on the “basal” obesity. Food intake monitoring showed a significant hyperphagia associated with rapid weight gain. A major interaction between the neuroendocrine setting and a very palatable diet in the development of this syndrome is implied.

Characteristics of Sexual Behavior in Spanish Adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Teva ◽  
Mª Paz Bermúdez ◽  
Gualberto Buela-Casal
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Steady Partner ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study is to describe some characteristics of the sexual behavior of adolescents in Spain and to compare these characteristics according to gender, using a cross-sectional survey. Participants were 1.279 male and female adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse. A questionnaire about sexual behavior was applied at their high schools and during school hours. Data were collected between 2006 and 2007. Mean age at the onset of sexual intercourse was 14.8 years in males and 15.0 years in females. Males and females were different according to the type of partner at the last sexual intercourse: 63.0% of males had a steady partner compared to 90.5% of females (p<0.01). The mean number of sexual partners during the last 12 months was higher in males than in females (M= 2.1 andM= 1.5 partners, for males and females, respectively,p<0.01). 50.0% of males had sexual intercourse under the effects of drugs versus 39.3% of females (p<0.01). STD and HIV prevention programs should be designed considering the differences according to adolescents’ sex.

scholarly journals Correlates of reproductive success in a population of nine-banded armadillos

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1815-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Loughry ◽  
Paulo A Prodöhl ◽  
Colleen M McDonough ◽  
W S Nelson ◽  
John C Avise
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birth Date ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Males And Females

We used microsatellite DNA markers to identify the putative parents of 69 litters of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) over 4 years. Male and female parents did not differ in any measure of body size in comparisons with nonparents. However, males observed paired with a female were significantly larger than unpaired males, although paired females were the same size as unpaired females. Females categorized as possibly lactating were significantly larger than females that were either definitely lactating or definitely not lactating. There was no evidence of assortative mating: body-size measurements of mothers were not significantly correlated with those of fathers. Nine-banded armadillos give birth to litters of genetically identical quadruplets. Mothers (but not fathers) of female litters were significantly larger than mothers of male litters, and maternal (but not paternal) body size was positively correlated with the number of surviving young within years, but not cumulatively. There were no differences in dates of birth between male and female litters, nor were there any significant relationships between birth date and maternal body size. Body size of either parent was not correlated with the body sizes of their offspring. Cumulative and yearly reproductive success did not differ between reproductively successful males and females. Average reproductive success (which included apparently unsuccessful individuals) also did not differ between males and females. The majority of adults in the population apparently failed to produce any surviving offspring, and even those that did usually did so in only 1 of the 4 years. This low reproductive success is unexpected, given the rapid and successful range extension of this species throughout the southeastern United States in this century.

BOLD BUILD PERCEPTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Bailey ◽  
Norman E. Hankins
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Males And Females

The Somatotype Rating Scale (SRS) was administered to 35 male and 35 female college students. The SRS allowed subjects to rate their own body build, their wished-for body build, and the body build of the typical and ideal male and female. While there was close agreement between males and females on the measures, females exhibited more dissatisfaction with their body build and greater congruency between their self-concept and their same-sex stereotype than did males. Results were discussed as possibly revealing the emergence of a mesomorphic body build ideal in both sexes.

THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF GONADECTOMIZED STICKLEBACKS TREATED WITH METHYL TESTOSTERONE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hui Wai ◽  
William S. Hoar
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Building Behavior ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Secondary Sex Characters ◽  
Behavior Characteristic

Treatment of intact juvenile or gonadectomized adult male and female stickle-backs with methyl testosterone, either by immersion in dilute solutions or by implantation of pellets into the body cavity, induces male secondary sex characters. The effect, as quantified by measurements of the height of the brush border tubules in the mesonephros, is the same in both sexes and reaches a maximum in 3 to 4 weeks. Both the gonadectomized males and females develop prespawning aggressive and territorial behavior if maintained 4 or 5 weeks under long-day photoperiods (16-hour day alternating with 8-hour darkness). Such behavior does not appear under a short photoperiod. The administration of methyl testosterone does not intensify aggressive behavior in either the 8-hour or 16-hour photoperiod fish. The combined effects of long photoperiods and methyl testosterone induces nest-building behavior (characteristic of normal breeding males) in 50% to 60% of the castrated males and about 6% of the gonadectomized females. The behavior of the treated males is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to naturally matured fish but that of the females shows differences. Although male sexual behavior may also be induced in androgen treated castrates it has not been observed in the females under comparable experimental procedures.

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