Effects of Attitude, Sex, and Approach on Nonverbal, Verbal and Projective Measures of Personal Space

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Leventhal ◽  
Michelle Matturro ◽  
Joel Schanerman
Keyword(s):  
Personal Space ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
Psychological Threat ◽  
Socialization Processes ◽  
Projective Measures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Subjects

This study investigated the effects of attitude, sex of subject, sex of invader, plane of approach, and approach trial on personal space using nonverbal, verbal, and projective measures. 10 male and 10 female subjects were approached from the front and side by a male and female invader who projected one of three attitudes: a positive, affable manner; a neutral, impartial manner; or a negative hostile manner. The factorial analysis indicated effects of sex of invader, plane of approach, and several interactions of these factors with sex of subject. These results were interpreted in terms of societal norms and potential physical and psychological threat. The observed effects of attitude were hypothesized to be a function of the different socialization processes for males and females.

scholarly journals Suicide Notes: Exaggerations by Males and Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Purbo Kusumastuti ◽  
Aulia Apriana ◽  
Yazid Basthomi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Touching into the gender differences between males and females in expressing the use of exaggeration expressions, this study analyzes the relevant data using the LIWC tool, the HIP method, and the deficit and difference theories. This study found that in relation to the gender stereotypes, both males and females speak differently, yet also demonstrate similarities. Both the male and female subjects express emotions equally in the language production; yet, the negative emotions are dominated by the males, and the positive emotions are dominated by the females. The difference of emotion productions influences the differences in the males’ production of exaggeration expressions, such as empty adjectives, italic expressions, and hyperbole by the female subjects.  

Eye Contact, Facial Expression, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Hughes ◽  
Morton Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Confederate ◽  
Female Subjects

Two experiments carried out in a public elevator examined how variations in eye contact, facial expression, sex of subject and of experimental confederate affected the violation of personal space. The first experiment “forced” subjects (79 females and 105 males) to violate the personal space of male of female confederates who were either directing their gazes at the subjects or were avoiding eye contact by having their backs to entering passengers. In the first condition the confederates were both male while in the second condition both confederates were female. For male subjects, as eye contact increased from male and female confederates, violations of personal space decreased. Male subjects preferred to violate the personal space of the confederates who had their backs to them, regardless of the sex of the confederates. Female and male subjects responded similarly when the confederates were males. However, when the confederates were females, female subjects preferred to violate the space of the female confederate who gazed at them rather than the female confederate who had her back to them. In the second experiment the subjects (86 females and 90 males) were again “forced” to violate the personal space of two confederates of the same sex. In each of two conditions one of the confederates avoided gazing at entering subjects but the second confederate smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. Male subjects again preferred to violate the personal space of the confederate whose back was to them, regardless of the confederate's sex. Female subjects, however, preferred to violate the personal space of confederates who smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. This occurred for both male and female confederates.

You Can Tell by the Nose—Judging Sex from an Isolated Facial Feature

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P Chronicle ◽  
Mei-Yin Chan ◽  
Charlotte Hawkings ◽  
Karen Mason ◽  
Kathryn Smethurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Female Subjects

Measurements taken from the nose are among the most important physical variables which discriminate statistically between male and female faces, yet several investigators have claimed that it is difficult to judge sex on the basis of noses presented in isolation. Previous work on the isolated nose has, however, involved the use of frontal views only, which may have obscured important physical differences between the noses of males and females. An investigation of the accuracy of judgments of the sex of isolated noses observed in frontal, profile, and three-quarter views by male and female subjects is reported. Judgment of sex was performed significantly more accurately than chance in all cases except for frontal views of female noses, where judgment was significantly less accurate than chance. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant interaction of sex of nose and view of nose, such that male noses were identified better in frontal and in profile views, but female noses better in the three-quarter view. It is suggested that one possible reason for the seemingly contradictory role of the nose in previous studies of sex judgment is that all noses look more male in frontal views. For a nose to be perceived as female, its distinctive shape must be made available to the perceiver; this is most likely from the three-quarter view.

RACE AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS AS CRITERIA FOR WHITE SUBJECTS' DATING CHOICES

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bem. P. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
White Male ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Subjects

Research involving race as a criterion for various social choices indicates that race may rival attractiveness for the determination of dating choices. This possibility was explored in two experiments involving “desirability for a date” ratings of black and white stimulus persons who varied in attractiveness. Experiment 1 results indicated that white male and female subjects gave appreciable weight to race and attractiveness, but females gave race more weight than attractiveness, while attractiveness was given more weight than race by males. The interaction between race and attractiveness had approximately the same form for males and females: attractive black stimulus persons were lumped together with unattractive stimulus persons.Female subjects in Experiment 2, who were informed about an opportunity to date a stimulus person of their choice before seeing slides of stimulus persons, tended to discount attractiveness as a criterion for choices. None of these subjects were willing to accept an actual date. It was noted that race may be a stronger rival to attractiveness relative to the more abstract factors with which attractiveness has been compared, because race, like attractiveness, is highly concrete and visible.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Tooth Size Discrepancy between Male and Female Subjects Presenting with a Class I Malocclusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Eva Man Yee Leung ◽  
Yanqi Yang ◽  
Balvinder Khambay ◽  
Ricky Wing Kit Wong ◽  
Colman McGrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Tooth Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Size Discrepancy ◽  
Tooth Size Discrepancy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Female Subjects

Objectives. To evaluate the tooth size discrepancy and Bolton’s ratios between male and female subjects with a Class I malocclusion. Materials and Methods. The digital e-models of 100 male and 100 female 12-year-old southern Chinese children with a Class I malocclusion were selected. The mesiodistal widths from permanent first molar to the contralateral side first molar of the upper and lower dentitions were measured. Differences between the tooth size discrepancy, together with the anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios between male and female subjects, were assessed using a two-sample t-test. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between antimetric pairs of teeth within the same arch. Results. Females had statistically significant smaller teeth than males (P < 0.05) except the upper left and lower left lateral incisor and lower left and right central incisors. The mean values of anterior Bolton’s ratios for males and females were 77.04 and 77.03, respectively (P > 0.05), while the mean values of overall Bolton’s ratios of male and female are 90.48 and 90.65, respectively (P < 0.05). The clinical significant differences (Cohen’s d > 0.2) for contralateral tooth size were shown on the maxillary canines, lateral incisors, and central incisors of males; and mandibular canines and lateral incisors of females. Conclusions. Southern Chinese females presenting with Class I malocclusions have smaller mesiodistal tooth dimensions compared to males. Both males and females presented several tooth size asymmetries. There are no statistical differences in anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios between the genders.

Effects of Sex of Pressuring Group, Perception of Ability, and Sex of Communicator Influencing Perceived Ability on Conformity of Males and Females

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane R. Follingstad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Group Perception ◽  
Independent Behavior ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Female Subjects

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males has implications for the use of male sources of communication to increase independent behavior of women.

The Gender Effects of Heart Rate Variability Response during Short-Term Exercise using Stair Stepper from Statistical Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Aziyatul Izni Mohd Rosli ◽  
Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman ◽  
Malarvili Balakrishnan ◽  
Takashi Komeda ◽  
Saiful Amri Mazlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
P Value ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Subjects

This study is aimed to explore the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) response during short-term exercise by stair stepper and to compare the finding between young healthy male and female subjects. The responses were statistically analyzed by applying independent-samples t-test statistical method. The calculation of Coefficient of Variation (CoV (%)) and the slope of the linear regression is used to assess the steadiness of the HRV. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that female subjects had greater significant p-value of RMSSD feature and significance p-value in a LF feature is greater in male. Thus, the ongoing results demonstrated that males have the sympathetic drive and females have predominant parasympathetic drive using short-term exercise by stepper. Thus, the experiment results indicate the suitability of developing rehabilitation devices in the field of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), research, control system and rehabilitation enginering, which may help to isolate males and females.

Factorial Analysis of Motivational Self-Ratings from a Combined Sample of Male and Female Subjects

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rio Sciortino
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Check List ◽  
Initial Matrix ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Promax Rotation ◽  
Significant Factors ◽  
Female Subjects

An iterative factor analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a Motivational Adjective Check List (MACL) for a combined sample of undergraduate male and female students ( N = 202). The initial matrix of significant factors was totated according to the quartimax, varimax, and equamax procedures. The promax rotation was, then, performed on each of the three orthogonal solutions obtaining the promax-quartimax, promax-varimax, and promax-equamax solutions. Interpretation of factors was based on the promax-equa max solution and the factors obtained were: striving and assertion.

Effect of Room Size, Initial Approach Distance and Sex on Personal Space

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 792-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Leventhal ◽  
Joel Schanerman ◽  
Michelle Matturro
Keyword(s):  
Personal Space ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Initial Approach ◽  
Room Size ◽  
Approach Distance ◽  
Small Room ◽  
Female Subjects

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of room size, sex of subject, sex of invader, and initial approach distance on personal space. 10 male and 10 female subjects were approached by a male or female invader from the front and side in one of the following conditions: (1) a 9-ft. distance in a large room, (2) a 3-ft. distance in a small room, and (3) a 3-ft. distance in the large room. The 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis indicated that the initial approach distance, not room size, significantly affected personal space. It was hypothesized that initial approach distance affected subjects' feelings towards the invader and consequently affected personal space. There was also an effect of sex of invader.

scholarly journals Barriers to Cataract Surgery in Peri-urban Regions of Eastern Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168
Author(s):  
Sean Ng Ming Sheng ◽  
Wang Kaiying ◽  
Ho Wei-En ◽  
Lee Mei Xuan Deborah ◽  
Swati Vijayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Female Subjects

Introduction: Despite cataract being a condition easily treated by surgery, it continues to be the leading cause of blindness worldwide (35.15%). In Nepal, the proportion of blindness due to cataract is much higher, with cataract accounting for 62.2% of all blindness. An effective method of decreasing this figure is by addressing the main barriers preventing people from accessing cataract surgery. Knowing that these barriers are dynamic and region-specific, our study aimed to determine the current barriers faced in Morang and Sunsari districts of Nepal. Materials and methods: Subjects were patients attending a cataract surgical camp, who had unilateral or bilateral blindness due to cataract. A survey was administered to determine the factors contributing to their delay in receiving treatment for cataract. Furthermore, the percentages of male and female subjects with bilateral blindness receiving treatment at the surgical camp were compared to the percentage of males and females with bilateral blindness due to cataract in Morang and Sunsari. Results: The main barriers for both subjects with unilateral and bilateral blindness were the inability to afford treatment and the lack of awareness that cataract is treatable. Additionally, although more women were bilaterally blind due to cataract compared to men in Morang and Sunsari, men were more likely to receive treatment compared to women. Conclusion: Policies targeted at reducing costs of surgery, increasing the awareness of cataract surgery, and specifically increasing women’s access to cataract surgery would be effective methods in decreasing the prevalence of avoidable blindness due to cataract in Morang and Sunsari.

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