scholarly journals Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Whitten May ◽  
J. Gaylord May
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
General Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a preference for the color white was present in infants and young children, A color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. Data were obtained from a 120-item test in which 12 different pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys in each pair were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Statistical analysis did not support existing literature, refuting the published idea that white preference is a general quality in all human beings.

Effects of Age on Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Whitten May ◽  
J. Gaylord May
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The purpose of this study was to determine whether age influenced preference for the colors black and white by infants and young children. The investigator administered a color-preference test to 160 subjects who attended day-care centers and who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. There were equal numbers of males and females and equal numbers of Afro- and Euro-American subjects. Ages of the subjects were controlled so there were 20 subjects in each 6-mo. age interval. Data were obtained from a 12-item test in which pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Results of a chi-squared test and of an analysis of variance indicated that, as a group, age affected color preference. A pro-black bias was found for the younger children. The findings suggest that color preference of infants and young children is not the same as for older children and adults.

Effects of Age on Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Whitten May ◽  
J. Gaylord May
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Clear Increase ◽  
Infants And Young Children

To determine whether race influenced preference for the colors black and white by infants and young children a color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who attended day-care centers and who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. There were equal numbers of males and females and equal numbers of Afro- and Euro-American subjects. Ages of the subjects were controlled so there were 20 subjects in each 6-mo. age interval. Data were obtained from a 12-item test. The test utilized 6 pairs of toys which were identical except one was black and the other was white. The toy a subject selected was considered that subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. A two-way analysis of variance and a regression analysis indicated that, as a group, race affected color preference. Age differences did not produce the same effect for Euro-Americans as for Afro-Americans. As age increased, young Afro-American subjects showed a clear increase in their preference for the color white. A corresponding analysis for Euro-Americans did not show a significant change in color preference with an increase in age.

ON THE SUBJECT OF ORDERLY OR LAWFUL BEHAVIOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-732
Author(s):  
C. ANDERSON ALDRICH
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The problem of orderly and lawful behavior in young children has been faced realistically. It has been pointed out that infants and young children are influenced by two sets of codes: one, those prescribed by civilized man, and the other by their own inherent growth impulses. The characteristics of the two codes were mentioned, pointing out that the former were of recent origin, extremely variable in different geographic, cultural and even medical situations, and were imposed from without; and that the latter were of extreme antiquity, were on the whole consistent in every social set-up, and exerted their force from within the individual. It was shown that when the two systems regulating child behavior conflict, it is necessary either to train the child to ignore his growth urges in an effort to conform to social dictates or to modify these requirements. The growth demands cannot be changed. The methods by which a child can be made to conform are by persuasion, including example and guidance, or by corporal punishment, neither of which is a perfect method. Illustrations of many aspects of behavior in the young child in which conflict commonly is found were cited to give some idea of in how many respects young children may be confused or frustrated with resulting unapproved behavior. It was emphasized that much of this might be prevented by relatively unimportant changes in the man-made codes. It should be emphasized again that the whole purpose of this discussion is to make conformity to our laws possible and to insist that no child today can grow up doing entirely as he pleases. The adjustments called for are often merely those of timing, of demanding conformity at a later, more reasonable developmental stage.

Kant, Marginal Cases, and Moral Standing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Korsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Identity Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Moral Difference

According to the marginal cases argument, there is no property that might justify making a moral difference between human beings and the other animals that is both uniquely and universally human. It is therefore “speciesist” to treat human beings differently just because we are human beings. While not challenging the conclusion, this chapter argues that the marginal cases argument is metaphysically misguided. It ignores the differences between a life stage and a kind, and between lacking a property and having it in a defective form. The chapter then argues for a view of moral standing that attributes it to the subject of a life conceived as an atemporal being, and shows how this view can resolve some familiar puzzles such as how death can be a loss to the person who has died, how we can wrong the dead, the “procreation asymmetry,” and the “non-identity problem.”

scholarly journals The Joy of Being as Anthropological Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Agapov Oleg D. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Human Condition

The joy of being is connected with one’s activities aimed at responding to the challenges of the elemental forces and the boundlessness of being, which are independent of human subjectivity. In the context of rising to the challenges of being, one settles to acquire a certain power of being in themselves and in the world. Thus, the joy of being is tied to achieving the level of the “miraculous fecundity” (E. Levinas), “an internal necessity of one’s life” (F. Vasilyuk), magnanimity (M. Mamardashvili). The ontological duty of any human being is to succeed at being human. The joy of being is closely connected to experiencing one’s involvement in the endless/eternity and realizing one’s subjective temporality/finitude, which attunes him to the absolute seriousness in relation to one’s complete realization in life. Joy is a foundational anthropological phenomenon in the structure of ways of experiencing the human condition. The joy of being as an anthropological practice can appear as a constantly expanding sphere of human subjectivity where the transfiguration of the powers of being occurs under the sign of the Height (Levinas) / the Good. Without the possibility of transfiguration human beings get tired of living, immerse themselves in the dejected state of laziness and the hopelessness of vanity. The joy of being is connected to unity, gathering the multiplicity of human life under the aegis of meaning that allows us to see the other and the alien in heteronomous being, and understand the nature of co-participation and responsibility before the forces of being, and also act in synergy with them.The joy of being stands before a human being as the joy of fatherhood/ motherhood, the joy of being a witness to the world in creative acts (the subject as a means to retreat before the world and let the world shine), the joy of every day that was saved from absurdity, darkness and the impersonal existence of the total. Keywords: joy, higher reality, anthropological practices, “the height”, subject, transcendence, practice of coping

Are Special Mechanisms Chosen in Short Experience-Based Identification of Degraded Geometric Forms?

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
B Blum ◽  
O Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Random Presentation ◽  
Shared Component ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Log Linear

Perceptual performance schema are consistently prepared by human beings. Minimal ‘experience’ with pertinent stimulus attributes seem necessary. We presume that with new stimuli, a ‘linkage’ is formed with inner representations on the basis of commonly shared stimulus components. To investigate this hypothesis, we used ‘confusion stimuli’, ie degradations of five-corner and six-corner stars. These were presented within each of four paradigms: upright (u), rotated (10°; r), foveal/local viewing (A) or eccentric/global viewing (B), that is uA, uB, rA, and rB paradigms. Random presentation of stimuli prototypes preceded the stimulus so that in comparing the presented stimulus to one and the other prototype, the subject faced a 2AFC task. Series (4 to 6) each of 32 randomised paradigms were run on each of six subjects. The subjects keyed 5 or 6 on identifying one or the other stimulus. On the assumption that exposure time and/or acuity grades impose stimulus intensities, psychometric curves were derived by plotting probability of correct choice against either parameter. The results indicate that in hybrid paradigms such as the present uA and uB, or rA and rB subjects may use shared component strategy: ‘u strategy’ with uA and uB, ‘r strategy’ with rA and rB, shared A and B in generating viewpoint invariance. Similar log-linear psychometric curves and slopes for pairs of paradigms were obtained, and ‘transfer’ of learning presumably also based on shared stimulus properties was observed.

Framing the other: stepping into the stream of history

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Of Greece

Since the Agricultural Revolution 12,000 years ago, human beings have demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to carve up the world between us and them, have and have nots. This cleaving of humanity reflects fertile soil for the production and reproduction of the pejorative, demonised, and relegated other which is the subject of this book. From ancient empires, stepping into the classical age of Greece and Rome, to more recent political tyrannies, the refugee crisis, and the problem with the European Union, this chapter explores and illustrates the long reach of pejorative othering. It doing so it frames the subject to provide critical and urgent insights into a pressing problem.

CATHL2 gene polymorphism in relation to production traits in Holstein-Friesian cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Sonia Hiller ◽  
Inga Kowalewska-Łuczak ◽  
Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to identify SNPs mutations in the CATHL2 gene and determine their potential association with dairy performance traits in Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian (phf) cows. Genotypes of individuals were identified by PCR-RFLP. The frequencies of CATHL2/DdeI alleles were C ‒ 0.693 and T ‒ 0.307, and for CATHL2/HhaI polymorphisms, G ‒ 0.763 and C ‒ 0.237. The statistical analysis showed that cows with the CC (CATHL2/DdeI) and CG (CATHL2/HhaI) genotype produced higher milk yield than the other cattle genotypes. In the case of CATHL2/DdeI and CATHL2/HhaI polymorphisms, the highest somatic cell count was found in heterozygous CT and CG cows.

The Problem of Mathematical Statistics

1933 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
A. R. Crathorne
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

A statistical inquiry is usually made up of three parts, first the collection of the data, second, the analysis of the data and third, its interpretation for the particular purpose in view. The first and third stages depend almost entirely upon the field of investigation. Biological data should be collected and interpreted by a biologist. The collection of economic data should be planned by economists and interpreted by one well acquainted with the field of inquiry. The second stage on the other hand, is in general common to all fields. Whatever may be the subject matter the mathematical analysis has in a great degree the same essential features. Lack of appreciation of this three-fold problem of statistics has led to some extremely doubtful results in statistical analysis. No amount of mathematical training and ability can take the place of the judgment and common sense that comes from a thorough knowledge of the field in which the problem lies. On the other hand much time and energy may be wasted in the analysis of data by lack of understanding of the fundamentals of the mathematical processes used in the investigation. This is usually exhibited in the blind use of formulas without realization of the assumptions and limitations used in their derivation.

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