Anchoring Effects in Judging Grammaticality of Sentences

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anchoring Effects

This study was undertaken to examine the anchoring effect in judgments of the grammaticality of sentences. Thirty-three students judged the target sentences involving an intermediate level of judged grammaticality. The first group of 11 subjects judged the sentences paired with the sentences involving high grammaticality (high anchor); the second group of 11 judged them when paired with the sentences involving low grammaticality (low anchor); and the third group of 11 judged them without being given anchor sentences. Analysis shows a clear contrast effect such that the subjects given low-anchor sentences judged the target sentences as more grammatical, while those given high-anchor sentences tended to judge them as less grammatical. Implications of the findings were discussed as they were related to Chomsky's contention about a native speaker's intuition regarding judgments of grammaticality.

Anchoring in international merger and acquisition equity decisions: evidence from Chinese firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-410
Author(s):  
Huimin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Merger And Acquisition ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Anchoring Effects

PurposeIn uncertain environments, top managers may be inadvertently affected by the anchor information and make sticky decisions. The purpose of this paper is to examine how anchoring influences international merger and acquisition (M&A) equity decisions.Design/methodology/approachBased on the data of Chinese international M&A deals from 2007 to 2018, this paper uses the Tobit regression method to examine the anchoring effects on international M&A equity decisions.FindingsThe study shows that the acquiring firm's previous international M&A equity level as a self-generated anchor has a positive impact on the focal international M&A equity level. The local market's previous international M&A equity level as an externally provided anchor has a positive impact on the focal international M&A equity level. When there are self-generated anchors and externally provided anchors, the self-generated anchoring effect is stronger than the externally provided anchoring effect. The anchoring effect is stronger when the acquiring firm enters less stable host countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe acquirers in a single-country context may limit the generalizability of the results, and this study does not explicitly determine whether managers' decisions are unintentional or deliberate.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the discussion of equity-based foreign entry mode decisions by exploring anchoring behavior in strategic decisions. It provides an empirical investigation of the different anchoring effects and draws attention to the boundary conditions surrounding anchoring.

scholarly journals Impacto educativo de un instrumento didáctico que complementa al TADIR para conceptos de la estática en estudiantes de ingeniería de México

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Federico Alonso Morales-García ◽  
Mario Humberto Ramírez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Polytechnic Institute ◽  
Rote Learning ◽  
Educational Impact ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Grades ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages

Observing in school structural designs reviews that students had little conceptual command of Statics, and considering that this was due to the implementation of linear solutions of rote-learning type, there was an effort to establish an educational proposal to raise the level of such knowledge among students. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the educational impact achieved with the implementation of an educational instrument designed according to the sequence established in the TADIR protocol, and complemented with thoughtful activities to organize knowledge to prepare a presentation to the group. Three stages were considered for the implementation: the first one corresponds to the assessment of the level of conceptual knowledge in statics; the second one, a problem solving carried out with the proposed instrument; and the third stage focuses on the preparation of the presentation to the group, and closes with a second conceptual evaluation. The didactic instrument was applied in a group of 23 students from an intermediate level of Architect Engineer studies at the Superior School of Engineering and Architecture (ESIAT) of the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) in Mexico. To measure the educational impact, the results were compared with the two conceptual evaluations conducted by using questionnaires that allow answers written within an established format to facilitate the codification and the corresponding analysis, and it was contrasted with school grades for better reference. The main finding was that although the increase in the conceptual command is greater than the school grading, this increase can be very important to improve the school approval rates.

The Impact of Lookup Tables on Use Tax Reporting

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon M. Fleming ◽  
Steve L. Gill
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Lookup Tables ◽  
Use Tax ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT This paper examines the anchoring effects that estimates of use tax provided by the state in the form of a “lookup table” have on use tax reporting. Results indicate taxpayers presented with a lookup table are significantly less likely to simply anchor on and report $0 for the amount of use tax due—currently the most commonly reported use tax amount. In addition, significantly more use tax was reported when an aggressive lookup table value (i.e., higher use tax estimate) was provided compared to a conservative lookup table value (i.e., lower use tax estimate) or when no table was available. By contrast, significantly less use tax was reported when a conservative lookup table value was provided compared to when no table was available. Finally, results indicate the anchoring effect of an aggressive lookup table value was magnified when taxpayers had greater uncertainty about the possible amounts of use tax due.

King, lion and falcon at Deir el-Bahari: from Rw.ty to Horus. A study of the ramp newel posts in the Temple of Hatshepsut

2016 ◽  
Vol XXIV (2) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Nathalie Beaux
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Level ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Temple

The newel posts of the first ramp had lion representations, those of the second one were decorated with composite falcon statues. It is the purpose of this article to study the surviving architectural elements of the ramp newel posts in detail and to explore the function of these elements in Hatshepsut’s temple cosmology. Rw.ty, the four seated lions of the first ramp, are guarding the passage from land to the intermediate level of the temple, “begetting” Horus the king, allowing him to rise in life like the sun in its daily resurrection trip, and this forever and ever. In turn, the falcon god of the second ramp hovers in protection, as witness and helper in the passage to the third and highest level of the temple, where the king will achieve full resurrection through the Amun sanctuary and fly up to the sky as a falcon in its name of MAa.t-kA-Ra. The cartouche raised by the anx sign on the first ramp finds an echo in the Sn sign held by the falcon on the second ramp: they both tie and establish the king into his solar renewal destiny, helped by the Dual-lions and Horus of Behedet, lion and falcon from earth to heaven.

A Contrast Effect in Judging the Grammatically of Sentences Violating the Subjacency Condition

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-475
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Surface Similarity ◽  
Adverbial Phrase

This study explored the anchoring effect in judging the grammaticality of sentences violating the subjacency condition. The sentences included either a noun phrase (NP-Extracted) or an adverbial phrase (AP-Extracted), each extracted from a subordinate clause. Anchor sentences had a surface structure similar either to the NP-Extracted targets (NP-Preposed) or to the AP-Extracted targets (AP-Pre-posed). 42 speakers classified as field-dependent judged the two types of target sentences given together with either the NP-Preposed anchors, the AP-Preposed anchors, or no anchors. Regardless of the targets judged, findings showed the contrast effect for speakers given the AP-Preposed anchors. This effect was also found when the speakers given the NP-Preposed anchors judged the AP-Extracted targets. Two factors, over-all rated grammaticality of sentences and surface similarity between anchors and targets, likely operated to produce the outcome.

Explicitness of deductive instruction and L2 development

2019 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Sergio Adrada-Rafael
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
The Third ◽  
Target Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
L2 Development ◽  
Types Of Instruction ◽  
Deductive Instruction

Abstract This study investigated the effects that different types of instruction varying in explicitness had on 88 intermediate-level Spanish learners’ development of the imperfect subjunctive on a reading task. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 experimental conditions that differed in their degree of instructional explicitness (+/− deductive). One condition (+Deductive) received a detailed grammar explanation prior to task; a second condition (−Deductive) received a hint about a new target form present in the reading task, and the third condition (Baseline) was not presented with any grammar information or hint. The study consisted of 3 sessions, following a pre/post/delayed computerized test design with 2 weeks between sessions. Results showed that the −Deductive condition performed as well as the +Deductive condition immediately and 2 weeks after treatment for both Interpretation and Controlled production tests.

Puzzling Patterns of Knowledge Ascriptions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Gerken
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Third ◽  
Folk Knowledge ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Knowledge Ascriptions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Practical Factors

Chapter 2 surveys the philosophical reasons and empirical evidence for assuming that there are a number of puzzling patterns of knowledge ascriptions. Three effects on folk knowledge ascriptions are considered in turn. The first one is an alternatives effect—roughly, the inclination to deny S knowledge that p in the face of a salient alternative, q. The second effect is a contrast effect—roughly, the idea that whether an alternative, q, to S’s knowledge is “in contrast” partly determines our inclination to ascribe knowledge. The third effect is a practical factor effect—roughly, the effect of salient practical factors on our inclination to ascribe knowledge. Overall, Chapter 2 provides a state-of-the-art presentation of the shifty patterns of knowledge ascriptions.

Anchoring and Grammar Effects in Judgments of Sentence Acceptability

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Cowart
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Anchoring Effects

This study examined the relation between anchoring effects, as demonstrated in 1992 by Nagata, and grammar-based effects in judgments of sentence acceptability. 35 subjects judged the acceptability of target sentences representing six different syntactic types. There were highly robust differences among these sentence types arising from differences in sentence structure. For one group of subjects the target sentences were mingled with a long list of highly acceptable sentences (High Anchor Set). A second group saw the same target sentences with an Anchor Set in which one-third of the sentences were of very low acceptability (Mixed Anchor Set). Target sentences seen in the context of the Mixed Anchor Set were judged more acceptable (an anchoring effect); however, the effect of Anchor Set did not interact with other factors. The relative acceptability of the six target types was unchanged in the two anchor conditions. Implications for the psychological theory of sentence judgments are considered. In particular, it is argued that anchoring effects do not arise in the cognitive mechanisms that evaluate sentence structure.

scholarly journals Anchoring effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Fritz Strack
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

An assimilation of an estimate towards a previously considered standard is defined as judgmental anchoring. Anchoring constitutes a ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs in a variety of laboratory and real-world settings. Anchoring effects are remarkably robust. They may occur even if the anchor values are clearly uninformative or implausibly extreme, are sometimes independent of participants’ motivation and expertise, and may persist over long periods of time. Different underlying mechanisms may contribute to the generation of anchoring effects. Specifically, anchoring may result from insufficient adjustment, from the use of conversational inferences, from selective accessibility of information consistent with an anchor, or from the distortion of a response scale.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFICULTIES LEVEL OF THREE ONLINE WRITTEN TEXTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Wanda Giovani
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Lexical Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

This research aims to elaborate the difficulty levels of three different texts that bring the same topic. This research is a discourse analysis which was done by analyzing the lexical density, nominalization, and the finiteness of the texts. The three texts that have been analyzed were taken online from Wikipedia and two personal blogs for English research. The results show that the first text can be taken as the most complex text for high level readers, the second text for the intermediate level readers, and the third text for the elementary or low level readers. In terms of lexical density, the first text gains very high percentage which is up to 60%, this shows that the text is the most informative of all. Whereas, the second text and the third text’s lexical density are both 50%, which indicates that there are lack of contents in them.  Regarding to nominalization, the first text is still on the highest level with 12 nominalizations, the second text is on the intermediate level with 10 nominalizations, and the third text is on the lowest level, without any nominalization. The last is from the finiteness side. The first text has the lowest number of finiteness; the second text has the second highest number of finites, whereas the third text has the highest number of finites of all. This is the result of the highest number of lexical density and nominalization of the first text that decreases the frequency of sentences in it. The results of this research can be useful for online readers to decide what kind of reading materials which are suitable for their English levels.

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