Differences in Extinction in Electrical Brain-Stimulation under Traditional Procedures of Reward Presentation

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 909-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. McIntire ◽  
James E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Water Reinforcement ◽  
Electrical Brain Stimulation ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Dry Water ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
The Way

Rats were trained to bar-press for electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) or H2O reinforcement in order to examine differences in resistance to extinction as related to method of presentation of reward. The methods of presentation of ESB were: (1) immediate with the appropriate bar-press, (2) immediate with the appropriate bar-press with addition of a momentarily presented dry water cup, (3) immediate with the licking of the water cup presented on appropriate bar-press. Also, a group working for one lick of water and no ESB was included. The data show clearly that H2O reinforcement is superior in producing higher resistance to extinction and that presentation of ESB reinforcement in a manner similar to the way in which a water reinforcement is presented gives higher resistance to extinction than presenting ESB reinforcement contingent only on the bar-press.

scholarly journals Ownership of an artificial limb induced by electrical brain stimulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Collins ◽  
Arvid Guterstam ◽  
Jeneva Cronin ◽  
Jared D. Olson ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Electrical Brain Stimulation ◽  
Artificial Limb ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
The Brain

Replacing the function of a missing or paralyzed limb with a prosthetic device that acts and feels like one’s own limb is a major goal in applied neuroscience. Recent studies in nonhuman primates have shown that motor control and sensory feedback can be achieved by connecting sensors in a robotic arm to electrodes implanted in the brain. However, it remains unknown whether electrical brain stimulation can be used to create a sense of ownership of an artificial limb. In this study on two human subjects, we show that ownership of an artificial hand can be induced via the electrical stimulation of the hand section of the somatosensory (SI) cortex in synchrony with touches applied to a rubber hand. Importantly, the illusion was not elicited when the electrical stimulation was delivered asynchronously or to a portion of the SI cortex representing a body part other than the hand, suggesting that multisensory integration according to basic spatial and temporal congruence rules is the underlying mechanism of the illusion. These findings show that the brain is capable of integrating “natural” visual input and direct cortical-somatosensory stimulation to create the multisensory perception that an artificial limb belongs to one’s own body. Thus, they serve as a proof of concept that electrical brain stimulation can be used to “bypass” the peripheral nervous system to induce multisensory illusions and ownership of artificial body parts, which has important implications for patients who lack peripheral sensory input due to spinal cord or nerve lesions.

Lever-Pressing Performance for Brain Stimulation on F-I and V-I Schedules in a Single-Lever Situation

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brown ◽  
Jay A. Trowill
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Single Lever ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Rats were trained to lever press for electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) and ultimately were assigned to either a fixed interval 1 min. (FI-1 min.) or a variable interval 1 min. (VI-1 min.) schedule of reinforcement. All Ss easily attained and maintained responding on the schedule to which they had been assigned. Patterns of responding during training and extinction were similar to those observed when conventional rewards, such as food or water, are used. Fixed-interval Ss demonstrated scalloped responding; variable-interval Ss demonstrated steady rates of responding. The implications of these results for understanding ESB as a reward are discussed.

Effects of Sodium Phenobarbital on Brain Stimulation Behavior, Behavioral Seizures, and EEG Seizure Activity

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon N. Schnare ◽  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Sodium Phenobarbital ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rate Of Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of sodium phenobarbital on (a) behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain, (b) behavioral seizures, and (c) EEG seizure activity were observed in seven male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rate of response on placebo day, over a 30-min. continuous reinforcement session, was compared to rate of response on drug day; an increase in response on the drug day over the placebo day was called a positive phenobarbital effect and a decrease a negative phenobarbital effect. For some animals the positive phenobarbital effect disappeared when the animal's rate of response was calculated for seizure-free time, i.e., when the time spent in seizure was subtracted from the 30-min. period. For other animals, however, the phenobarbital effect, whether positive or negative, was not directly related to time gained on the drug day compared to the placebo day. A new concept was advanced, that of seizure-proneness, measured by the number and duration of seizures and spike after-discharges. Significant correlations were found for seizure-proneness and phenobarbital effect.

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain for Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Nuttin ◽  
Loes Gabriëls ◽  
Paul Cosyns ◽  
Jan Gybels
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDespite advances in therapies, there remain psychiatric patients who are extremely ill and cannot be helped by classic psychiatric treatments, including psychotherapy and drug therapy. Certain of these patients may be helped by use of bilateral brain lesioning. The complication rate of standard stereotactic psychosurgery techniques is very low. The main rationale for the continued experimental use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in neurosurgery for mental disorders is its reversibility. This reversibility is not an advantage in terms of the benefits obtained, but rather if side effects emerge. In addition, electrical stimulation may provide patients with some autonomy for their treatment. The first, very preliminary results of electrical stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and for a small heterogeneous group of patients with other psychiatric disorders have been published. Electrical stimulation of the brain for psychiatric disorders may become a new treatment option for certain intractable psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of DBS in psychiatric disorders is unknown, and the experience with this modality is extremely limited. The first results look promising, but this treatment option may prove unusable for some time because of a lack of knowledge of appropriate brain stimulation targets and technical problems such as the availability of sufficient current supply.

PITUITARY HORMONE RESPONSE TO BRAIN STIMULATION IN MAN

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. FRANKEL ◽  
J. S. JENKINS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Orbital Part ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY Plasma cortisol, GH and LH responses to electrical stimulation of the orbital part of the frontal lobe and the cingulate area of the brain were studied in patients undergoing limbic leucotomy. In six out of 15 patients the plasma cortisol levels increased by 5·7–18·0 μg/100 ml after orbito-frontal stimulation whereas plasma GH values did not rise during this period. Plasma LH levels remained unchanged. No definite hormone responses could be attributed to stimulation of the cingulate area. It appears that the orbito-frontal area of the brain is concerned with augmenting the release of ACTH but not that of GH or LH.

scholarly journals An MRI Compatible Brain Probe for Signal Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Cruttenden ◽  
Mahdi Ahmadi ◽  
Xiao-Hong Zhu ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Rajesh Rajamani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Electrical Brain Stimulation ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Disease Therapy ◽  
Signal Recording ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of neural tissue is a promising therapy for a variety of neurological diseases. For example, electrical stimulation of deep thalamic nuclei has been used extensively to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, and there is growing interest in treating other conditions including epilepsy and depression with similar techniques. However, the mechanisms of electrical brain stimulation for disease therapy are not fully understood [1].

scholarly journals The Cerebral Localization of Pain: Anatomical and Functional Considerations for Targeted Electrical Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose M. Caston ◽  
Elliot H. Smith ◽  
Tyler S. Davis ◽  
John D. Rolston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Millions of people in the United States are affected by chronic pain, and the financial cost of pain treatment is weighing on the healthcare system. In some cases, current pharmacological treatments may do more harm than good, as with the United States opioid crisis. Direct electrical stimulation of the brain is one potential non-pharmacological treatment with a long history of investigation. Yet brain stimulation has been far less successful than peripheral or spinal cord stimulation, perhaps because of our limited understanding of the neural circuits involved in pain perception. In this paper, we review the history of using electrical stimulation of the brain to treat pain, as well as contemporary studies identifying the structures involved in pain networks, such as the thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate. We propose that the thermal grill illusion, an experimental pain model, can facilitate further investigation of these structures. Pairing this model with intracranial recording will provide insight toward disentangling the neural correlates from the described anatomic areas. Finally, the possibility of altering pain perception with brain stimulation in these regions could be highly informative for the development of novel brain stimulation therapies for chronic pain.

scholarly journals Deep Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Insula in Chronic Pain: A Theoretical Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
David Bergeron ◽  
Sami Obaid ◽  
Marie-Pierre Fournier-Gosselin ◽  
Alain Bouthillier ◽  
Dang Khoa Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Introduction: To date, clinical trials of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory chronic pain have yielded unsatisfying results. Recent evidence suggests that the posterior insula may represent a promising DBS target for this indication. Methods: We present a narrative review highlighting the theoretical basis of posterior insula DBS in patients with chronic pain. Results: Neuroanatomical studies identified the posterior insula as an important cortical relay center for pain and interoception. Intracranial neuronal recordings showed that the earliest response to painful laser stimulation occurs in the posterior insula. The posterior insula is one of the only regions in the brain whose low-frequency electrical stimulation can elicit painful sensations. Most chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, had abnormal functional connectivity of the posterior insula on functional imaging. Finally, preliminary results indicated that high-frequency electrical stimulation of the posterior insula can acutely increase pain thresholds. Conclusion: In light of the converging evidence from neuroanatomical, brain lesion, neuroimaging, and intracranial recording and stimulation as well as non-invasive stimulation studies, it appears that the insula is a critical hub for central integration and processing of painful stimuli, whose high-frequency electrical stimulation has the potential to relieve patients from the sensory and affective burden of chronic pain.

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