Visual Illusion in Lengths of Words: An Old Friend in Disguise

Galilean relativity is a useful description of nature at low speed. Galileo found that the vertical component of a projectile’s velocity evolves independently of its horizontal component. In a frame that moves horizontally along with the projectile, for example, the projectile appears to go straight up and down exactly as if it had been launched vertically. The laws of motion in one dimension are independent of any motion in the other dimensions. This leads to the idea that the laws of motion (and all other laws of physics) are equally valid in any inertial frame: the principle of relativity. This principle implies that no inertial frame can be considered “really stationary” or “really moving.” There is no absolute standard of velocity (contrast this with acceleration where Newton’s first law provides an absolute standard). We discuss some apparent counterexamples in everyday experience, and show how everyday experience can be misleading.

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The Pedaling Technique of Elite Endurance Cyclists: Changes with Increasing Workload at Constant Cadence

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.7.1.29 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 29-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Steven A. Kautz ◽

Michael E. Feltner ◽

Edward F. Coyle ◽

Ann M. Baylor

Keyword(s):

Vertical Component ◽

Horizontal Component ◽

Applied Force ◽

The Other ◽

Total Work ◽

External Work ◽

High Workload ◽

Work Done ◽

Positive Work

A pedal dynamometer recorded changes in pedaling technique (normal and tangential components of the applied force, crank orientation, and pedal orientation) of 14 elite male 40-km time trialists who rode at constant cadence as the workload increased from similar to an easy training ride to similar to a 40-km competition. There were two techniques for adapting to increased workload. Seven subjects showed no changes in pedal orientation, and predominantly increased the vertical component of the applied force during the downstroke as the workload increased. In addition to increasing the vertical component during the downstroke, the other subjects also increased the toe up rotation of the pedal throughout the downstroke and increased the horizontal component between 0° and 90°. A second finding was that negative torque about the bottom bracket during the upstroke usually became positive (propulsive) torque at the high workload. However, while torque during the upstroke did reduce the total positive work required during the downstroke, it did not contribute significantly to the external work done because 98.6% and 96.3 % of the total work done at the low and high workloads, respectively, was done during the downstroke.

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Movement of Grain Boundary in Sea Ice

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1985aog6-1-274-275 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 274-275

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Kawamura

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Horizontal Plane ◽

Sea Water ◽

Horizontal Component ◽

The Other ◽

Boundary Groove ◽

Thin Sections ◽

The Difference

An experimental study on the preferred growth of grains in sea ice was performed. As a seed an artificial bi-crystal was prepared by welding two single crystals; the c-axis of one grain was in a horizontal plane, that of the other made an angle of α with the horizontal plane, and they intersected at right angles. An angle between a resulting grain boundary and the vertical line, Θ, was measured on thin sections of sea ice after it grew about 10 cm downward in sea water. The relation between a and ? was given by ? = 0.4α + 6, when a was varied from -25º to 25º. When α = 0º , that is c-axes of both the grains are at right angles on a horizontal plane, encroachment still occurs, which is contrary to the earlier studies. These results can be explained by the difference in the horizontal component of growth rate between neighbouring grains at the grain boundary groove.

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Movement of Grain Boundary in Sea Ice

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500010600 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 274-275

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Kawamura

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Horizontal Plane ◽

Sea Water ◽

Horizontal Component ◽

The Other ◽

Boundary Groove ◽

Thin Sections ◽

The Difference

An experimental study on the preferred growth of grains in sea ice was performed. As a seed an artificial bi-crystal was prepared by welding two single crystals; the c-axis of one grain was in a horizontal plane, that of the other made an angle of α with the horizontal plane, and they intersected at right angles. An angle between a resulting grain boundary and the vertical line, Θ, was measured on thin sections of sea ice after it grew about 10 cm downward in sea water. The relation between a and ? was given by ? = 0.4α + 6, when a was varied from -25º to 25º. When α = 0º , that is c-axes of both the grains are at right angles on a horizontal plane, encroachment still occurs, which is contrary to the earlier studies. These results can be explained by the difference in the horizontal component of growth rate between neighbouring grains at the grain boundary groove.

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Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647788 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 29 (02) ◽

pp. 490-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hiroh Yamazaki ◽

Itsuro Kobayashi ◽

Tadahiro Sano ◽

Takio Shimamoto

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

The Other ◽

Endothelial Surface ◽

Important Interaction ◽

Blood Coagulability ◽

The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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Energy Approximation

10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0023 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philip Isett

Keyword(s):

Main Lemma ◽

The Other ◽

Coarse Scale ◽

Continuous Solutions ◽

Material Derivative ◽

Energy Variation ◽

Energy Approximation ◽

The Difference ◽

Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

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Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽

10.24198/metahumaniora.v7i3.18859 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 378

Author(s):

Vincentia Tri Handayani

Keyword(s):

Mental Representation ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Oral Tradition ◽

Minimal Element ◽

The Other ◽

Local Culture ◽

Community Groups ◽

Cultural Community ◽

The Difference ◽

Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

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Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field

10.1093/oso/9780199691821.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Michel Meyer

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Classic Problem ◽

False Dilemma ◽

The Difference ◽

As If

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.

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The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400011607 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 447-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

D. T. Gauld ◽

J. E. G. Raymont

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Acartia Clausi ◽

Temora Longicornis ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Planktonic Copepods ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

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Investigating the properties of a galaxy group at z = 0.6

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921320001945 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (S359) ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

Daniela Hiromi Okido ◽

Cristina Furlanetto ◽

Marina Trevisan ◽

Mônica Tergolina

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Numerical Density ◽

Spectroscopy Data ◽

Stellar Kinematics ◽

Galaxy Groups ◽

The Galaxy ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

The Universe

AbstractGalaxy groups offer an important perspective on how the large-scale structure of the Universe has formed and evolved, being great laboratories to study the impact of the environment on the evolution of galaxies. We aim to investigate the properties of a galaxy group that is gravitationally lensing HELMS18, a submillimeter galaxy at z = 2.39. We obtained multi-object spectroscopy data using Gemini-GMOS to investigate the stellar kinematics of the central galaxies, determine its members and obtain the mass, radius and the numerical density profile of this group. Our final goal is to build a complete description of this galaxy group. In this work we present an analysis of its two central galaxies: one is an active galaxy with z = 0.59852 ± 0.00007, while the other is a passive galaxy with z = 0.6027 ± 0.0002. Furthermore, the difference between the redshifts obtained using emission and absorption lines indicates an outflow of gas with velocity v = 278.0 ± 34.3 km/s relative to the galaxy.

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