Repeated Presentation and Retention of Meaningful Information

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 840-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. A. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Correct Version ◽  
Incorrect Choice ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Verbal Knowledge ◽  
Made In

In a previous experiment it was found that when young adult Ss made repeated attempts to recall verbal information they frequently repeated their earlier errors, despite the fact that they were able to listen to the correct version of the information after each recall attempt. The present study was designed to discover whether the earlier results could be extended to conditions typical of those in which humans acquire verbal knowledge, and retention was repeatedly assessed by a multiple-choice recognition test. Considerable repetition of errors was observed. When Ss made incorrect responses to the same question on two successive sessions, the incorrect choice in the second session was twice as likely to be the same choice made in the first session as it was to be any of the alternatives.

Effect of aging on tracheal mucociliary clearance in beagle dogs

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1331-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Whaley ◽  
B. A. Muggenburg ◽  
F. A. Seiler ◽  
R. K. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Made In

Tracheal mucous velocity measurements were made in 24 beagle dogs in five age groups, using a gamma camera to detect movement of instilled 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin. Age groups were defined as immature (9–10 mo), young adult (2.8–3.0 yr), middle aged (6.7–6.9 yr), mature (9.6–9.8 yr), and aged dogs (13.6–16.2 yr). Mean velocities were 3.6 +/- 0.4 (SE) mm/min in the immature dogs, 9.7 +/- 0.6 mm/min in the young adults, 6.9 +/- 0.5 mm/min in the middle-aged dogs, 3.5 +/- 0.8 mm/min in the mature dogs, and 2.9 +/- 0.5 mm/min in the aged dogs. Tracheal mucous velocity was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in the young adult and middle-aged groups compared with the immature, mature, and aged dogs. This pattern of age-related changes was noted to be similar to age-related changes described for certain pulmonary function measurements.

Psychometric Functions for Shortened Administrations of a Speech Recognition Approach Using Tri-Word Presentations and Phonemic Scoring

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley A. Gelfand ◽  
Jessica T. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Adult Participants

Method Complete psychometric functions for phoneme and word recognition scores at 8 signal-to-noise ratios from −15 dB to 20 dB were generated for the first 10, 20, and 25, as well as all 50, three-word presentations of the Tri-Word or Computer Assisted Speech Recognition Assessment (CASRA) Test (Gelfand, 1998) based on the results of 12 normal-hearing young adult participants from the original study. Results The psychometric functions for both phoneme and word scores were very similar and essentially overlapping for all set sizes. Performance on the shortened tests accounted for 98.8% to 99.5% of the full (50-set) test variance with phoneme scoring, and 95.8% to 99.2% of the full test variance with word scoring. Shortening the tests accounted for little if any of the variance in the slopes of the functions. Conclusions The psychometric functions for abbreviated versions of the Tri-Word speech recognition test using 10, 20, and 25 presentation sets were described and are comparable to those of the original 50-presentation approach for both phoneme and word scoring in healthy, normal-hearing, young adult participants.

Psychobiology of partnership behaviour

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev Ploog
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Human Social Behaviour ◽  
Made In

SynopsisAnimal experiments demonstrate that it is not only the quality of transmitted and received social signals that is important, but also their frequency and the timing of the information transmitted. In order for progress to be made in the investigation of human social behaviour and its disorders, methods must be developed which allow the transmission of verbal and non-verbal information to be measured. Experiments carried out with healthy adults and healthy and disturbed children to investigate human eye contact and distance behaviour are reported, along with experiments on the influence of gaze and body posture on spoken communication. Finally, a report on the use of behaviour therapy for an autistic child is outlined in order to explore the psychobiological correlations between social behaviour and language, which concur with extensive experiments on brain stimulation. It is suggested that there is a cerebral representation for species-specific social behaviour and a vocalization system embedded in these brain structures which is a phylogenetically patterned prerequisite for the development of human language.

scholarly journals Normative Interfaces: Affordances, Gender, and Race in Facebook

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630511771790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Cirucci
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Network Site ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Made In

This study investigates social network site affordances and their implications for perceptions of marginalized communities. I employ Facebook as a case study and speak with young adult users to comprehend how socially marginalized groups are perceived through Facebook’s affordances. In particular, I consider: How familiar are users with Facebook’s tools and functionalities? How are issues of gender and race represented through the site’s interface? How do users conceive of gender and race? The findings suggest that gender is perceived as a more important identifier than race and that Facebook is post-racial, because of the user interface choices made. In addition, my participants view Facebook as an official social space that should include “authentic” identities; although Facebook has shaped authentic to mean accurate. I conclude that while the construction of affordances is a negotiation between user, interface, and designer, the designers have the most power because they have created the spaces in ways that will most benefit Facebook. In addition, users who are more situated in the socio-cultural majority have no desire to enact agency within Facebook’s structure because they are accustomed to forms and official documents that are well suited to fit their identification needs.

Life cycles, reproduction, and diets of Dina dubia and Erpobdella punctata (Hirudinea: Eropobdellidae) in Canagagigue Creek, Ontario

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Barton ◽  
Janice L. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Adult Growth ◽  
Average Fecundity ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Made In

The life cycles of Dina dubia and Erpobdella punctata were described from semimonthly (monthly in winter) collections made at two sites on Canagagigue Creek between May 1982 and July 1983. Observations on reproduction were made in the creek and in a flow-through stream tank. Most individuals of both species completed their life cycles in about 1 year, but some required 2 or more years to reach sexual maturity. The estimated average fecundity (138–173 young/adult), growth rate, and maximum size (1946 mg live weight) of E. punctata were all greater than for D. dubia (47–50 young/adult; maximum size, 725 mg), but D. dubia was much more abundant in Canagagigue Creek. Both species fed most frequently on Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, with the total variety of prey consumed reflecting the diversity of prey available at the site. The habitat preferences of the leeches were apparent from their diets: D. dubia ate relatively more animals associated with riffle habitats; E. punctata ate relatively more pool-dwelling organisms. The greater abundance of D. dubia at our study sites is attributed to this difference in habitat preference.

scholarly journals Penile skin bridge multiple liathiasis, a diagnosis made in a complication of circumcision in a 24 year old young adult: Case report

2021 ◽  
pp. 101742
Author(s):  
Mahamudu Ayamba Ali ◽  
Mawuenyo Attawa Oyortey ◽  
Yaw Otchere Donkor ◽  
Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman ◽  
Mathew Yamoah Kyei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Penile Skin ◽  
Adult Case ◽  
Made In

scholarly journals The Influence of an Interpolated Experience upon Recognition

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Russell Davis ◽  
Durganand Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The One ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Original Story ◽  
As If

It was demonstrated in a previous experiment that an experience interpolated between an original experience and its recall may bring about changes in the points of emphasis in the recall of the original experience. Moreover, details of the interpolated experience may be recalled as if they had formed part of the original experience. These results were taken to mean that two experiences of a related kind may become merged in memory into something akin to Bartlett's notion of an organized mass of past experiences. In the experiment here reported, the original experience was the hearing of a story, and the interpolated experience the seeing of a picture which illustrated part of the story. When in a recognition test subjects were asked to select from three alternatives (including the original) the one version which was “most like the original story,” a proportion of them preferred to the original story a version which differed from the original by including a number of details from the picture. Asked about details, all the subjects tended to place details from the picture in the story, even if they had not been mentioned there. The results of the two experiments are thought to show that irreversible changes are brought about in the memory of an experience by subsequent experiences of a related kind.

Childhood Risk Factors for High Adult Blood Pressure: The Muscatine Study

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lauer ◽  
W. R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
Made In

In adult populations, elevated blood pressure is related to the development of occlusive atherosclerosis, stroke, and renal disease. The significance of blood pressure levels in childhood, unless extremely elevated, has not been related to disease outcomes. In this study, the risk of high blood pressure in young adult life is evaluated based on the observations of blood pressure and other factors made during the school-aged years. Subjects, 2445 in number, were first observed at ages 7 through 18 years and again between 20 and 30 years. During childhood, measurements of blood pressure, height, and weight were made in alternate years. At adult ages, the same measurements were again made and a health questionnaire was administered. According to the data, adult blood pressure is correlated with childhood blood pressure, body size, and change in ponderosity from childhood to adult life. Adult ponderosity is related to childhood ponderosity, and those who are most obese as adults show the greatest increase in weight for height from their childhood years. These observations suggest that strategies to prevent the acquisition of excess ponderosity during adolescence may be useful in preventing adult hypertension.

scholarly journals Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency – CORRIGENDUM

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-476
Author(s):  
GERRIT JAN KOOTSTRA ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
TON DIJKSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Correct Version ◽  
Made In

An error was made in the preparation of Figure 3 in the article by Kootstra et al., published online on January 4, 2012. The figure should not have presented odds ratios, but odds. The correct version of Figure 3 is given below. This new figure leads to the same interpretation as in the original article, so our conclusions remain the same.

scholarly journals The Influence of Pandemic Period on the Dynamics of the Associative Value of Words (Trading Sphere)

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Polyanskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Made In

Undoubtedly, the associative (as well as the lexical) meaning of words changes under the influence of social, economic, and technological factors. In this article, we will try to trace the changes in the associative meaning of words related to the sphere of trade relations under the influence of the increasing tendency of transition of trade relations to the Internet, especially due to COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The results of the associative experiment we conducted this autumn are compared with the older data and conclusions about the features of the associative meaning of the same words made in 2019. The previously analyzed concepts were chosen as the stimuli for the 2020 experiment (kupit’ (buy), magazin (store), oplata(payment), prodazha (sale), otzyvy (reviews), dostavka (delivery), sajt (website), akcija(promotion), besplatno (free)). As material for the comparative study, we used the data of the direct and reverse associative dictionaries and results of our previous experiment in 2016.The results of the experiment reflect the changes in the associative meaning of words. Thus, a negative attitude towards the concepts ‘buy’, ‘promotion’ and ‘free’ is increasing; the associative meaning of the concepts ‘buy’ and ‘promotion’ is changing; the number of reactions associated with the implementation of trade operations on the Internet is sharply increasing, and, finally, the reactions to the stimulus dostavka (delivery) are now characterized by a greater detail.

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