Extinction of Observing Behavior

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Auge
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Response Probability ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Schedule Condition ◽  
Mixed Schedule ◽  
Early Portion

The probability of observing-key responses for pigeons trained to observe during a mixed-fixed ratio 50 fixed-interval 2-min. schedule of reinforcement decreased sharply when only the mixed schedule or the corresponding multiple schedule was programmed. First session observing-key response probability values were greater in the mixed-schedule condition, suggesting that the mixed-schedule stimulus set the occasion for pecking the observing-key following reinforcement offset. In the mixed-schedule condition, the results for one bird suggested that stimuli associated with the early portion of each component controlled a relatively high response-rate; and, when the component was fixed-interval, stimuli arising from the organism's behavior controlled a pause which followed more than 50 responses. This post-response pause contributed to the determination of a relatively low response-rate in the fixed-interval component of the mixed-schedule.

EFFECTS OF RESPONSE-REINFORCER RELATIONS ON THE MAINTENANCE OF COORDINATED RESPONDING UNDER SCHEDULES OF SIMULTANEOUS REINFORCEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-397
Author(s):  
Lucas Couto de Carvalho ◽  
Letícia dos Santos ◽  
Alceu Regaço ◽  
Deisy das Graças de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Schedule Condition ◽  
Condition C ◽  
Condition B

The effects of response-reinforcer relations on coordinated responding were investigated. Coordinated responding was defined as two lever presses, one by each rat that occurred within 500 ms of one another. Four conditions were arranged in an ABCB design. Coordinated responding was reinforced according to a fixed-ratio 6 (FR 6) schedule in Condition A. In Condition B, a response by each rat was required, independent of their temporal proximity, to produce water delivery under a variable-interval schedule. Condition C was a replication of Condition B, except that coordinated responding was required for reinforcer deliveries. All conditions involved simultaneous reinforcement, that is the rats received access to reinforcers at the same time. The results extended previous findings by demonstrating the requirement of coordinated responses to produce reinforcement affected both coordinated response rates and the proportion of such responses relative to the total responses in a session, in that both measures were higher in Conditions A and C than in Condition B. There also was control of the temporal distribution of coordinated responding by the type of schedule (FR or VI): A “break-and-run” pattern was observed under the FR schedule, and a constant response rate was observed under the VI schedule.

Operant Conditioning of Virginia Opossum

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Cone ◽  
Donna M. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Water Reinforcement ◽  
Deprivation Schedule ◽  
Limited Hold ◽  
Virginia Opossum

Laboratory-raised Virginia opossum have been found to readily acquire a lever-press response for water reinforcement. Fixed ratio behavior is comparable to that observed in other species. Fixed interval behavior, however, tends to move fairly rapidly toward an economical response style in which very few responses are emitted per reinforcement. Neither introduction of limited hold procedures nor lengthening of the deprivation schedule had any effect upon the FI responding.

scholarly journals Paper, E-mail, or Both? Effects of Contact Mode on Participation in a Web Survey of Establishments

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Sakshaug ◽  
Basha Vicari ◽  
Mick P. Couper
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Population Based ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
Nonresponse Bias ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Web Surveys ◽  
Contact Mode ◽  
Mail Address ◽  
E Mail

Identifying strategies that maximize participation rates in population-based web surveys is of critical interest to survey researchers. While much of this interest has focused on surveys of persons and households, there is a growing interest in surveys of establishments. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence on strategies for optimizing participation rates in web surveys of establishments. To address this research gap, we conducted a contact mode experiment in which establishments selected to participate in a web survey were randomized to receive the survey invitation with login details and subsequent reminder using a fully crossed sequence of paper and e-mail contacts. We find that a paper invitation followed by a paper reminder achieves the highest response rate and smallest aggregate nonresponse bias across all-possible paper/e-mail contact sequences, but a close runner-up was the e-mail invitation and paper reminder sequence which achieved a similarly high response rate and low aggregate nonresponse bias at about half the per-respondent cost. Following up undeliverable e-mail invitations with supplementary paper contacts yielded further reductions in nonresponse bias and costs. Finally, for establishments without an available e-mail address, we show that enclosing an e-mail address request form with a prenotification letter is not effective from a response rate, nonresponse bias, and cost perspective.

scholarly journals Characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphoma in Northern Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Kasem Seresirikachorn ◽  
Sakarin Ausayakhun ◽  
Damrong Wiwatwongwana ◽  
Ponsak Mahanupab ◽  
Teerada Daroontum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma ◽  
Operative Notes

Purpose: To assess the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) in Northern Thailand. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Data was collected from electronic medical records and operative notes from Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2009 and December 2014. All available tissue biopsies of 54 patients were reviewed by agreement of two pathologists. The clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results: A total number of 54 patients were identified of which 57.4% were female. The median age was 61.0 years (range, 4-86). The most common subtype of lymphoma was extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (ENMZL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (n = 46, 85.2%). Seventy-five percent of the patients presented with a mass at the ocular adnexa, while 14.8% of the patients presented with proptosis. The sites of origin were as follows: lacrimal (46.3%), orbit (31.5%), conjunctiva (13%) and eyelid (7.4%). Two-thirds of the patients had Ann-Arbor Stage I, while 22% of patients had Stage IV. The majority of the patients (68.1%) had a low-risk international prognosis index (IPI). Treatment modalities involved field radiation (IFRT, 50%), chemotherapy (31.6%), combined chemoradiotherapy (7.9%) and surgical resection (10.5%). The overall response rate was 100% with a complete response rate of 77.8%. In patients with low-grade lymphoma, including MALT lymphoma, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 69.9% and 92.5%, respectively. Conclusion: ENMZL of MALT was the major subtype of primary OAL. Radiotherapy was an effective treatment for the lower stages of disease providing a high response rate and encouraging survival outcomes.

scholarly journals Waning Humoral Response 3 to 6 Months after Vaccination with the SARS-COV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Dialysis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Noa Berar-Yanay ◽  
Sarit Freiman ◽  
Maʹanit Shapira ◽  
Amer Saffoury ◽  
Ameer Elemy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Antibody Levels

Background and objectives: The short-term reported antibody response to SARS-COV-2 vaccination in dialysis patients is high, with a seroconversion response rate up to 97%. Data on the long-term durability of this response are scarce. Our objective was to characterize the long-term anti-spike antibody level in dialysis patients. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: In an observational study, we measured SARS-COV-2 anti-spike antibody levels in dialysis patients who completed 2 doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA SAR S-COV-2 vaccine at 1, 3 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose. We compared the response to dialysis patients who were infected with COVD-19 and to a control group of healthcare-employees. Results: One hundred and forty-two dialysis patients who had been vaccinated (ages 64 ± 11.9 years, 61% male), 33 dialysis patients who had COVID-19 infection (ages 54 ± 14.3 years, 55% male) and 104 individuals in the control group (ages 50 ± 12.2 years, 44% male) were included. The response rate in the vaccinated dialysis patients was 94%, 78% and 73% at 1, 3 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose. In the COVID-19 infected dialysis group and in the control group, the response rate remained at 100% over 6 months. The percentage of change in antibody levels between one and 6 months was −66% in the vaccinated dialysis group, −28% in the control group (p < 0.001) and +48% in dialysis patients who had been infected with COVID-19 (p < 0.001). A non-responder status at 6 months was associated with a lower albumin level. No serious adverse events following vaccination were reported. In conclusion: the initially high response rate to the BNT162b2 vaccine in dialysis patients decreases rapidly. Our results indicate that an early booster (3rd) dose, at three months after the second dose, may be advised for this population to preserve the humoral immunity.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Strategies Used by Local Government Leaders in Combating Children’s Rights Violation in Arusha City, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 4) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Denis Mwaipopo Josephat ◽  
Elias Elisha Mbuti
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Community Protection ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rights Issues

This study sought to establish the effectiveness of strategies used by local government leaders in combating violation of children’s rights in Arusha City using the descriptive design. The population involved 168 local government leaders from 24 Wards whereby the sample of 96 was picked through simple random sampling, but the response rate was 71 (73.9%). Validity was assured through expert judgment and the reliability was established through determination of the Cronbach’s Alfa which was above 0.6 for each variable. The study established that strategies used by local government leaders in combating violation of Children’s rights include desks at police stations for children right cases, education to the community, protection committees that coordinate and monitor violation of children’s rights, local government authorities providing legal aid, perpetrators being prosecuted so that legal action can be taken against them and free family events and activities for children’s rights education. The strategies were perceived to be effective except for children’s desk at police stations. Identified challenges included some cases not being reported, poor cooperation from victims, corruption, lack of political will and ineffective policies. It is recommended that appropriate organs should strengthen the use of strategies listed in this study in order to curb violation of children’s rights issues. There is a need for transformations in handling reported cases at the police desks. Finally, the government authorities should find ways to curb the identified challenges that faced initiatives used by local government leaders in combating violation of children’s rights in Arusha city.

scholarly journals Temporal Considerations for Self-Report Research Using Short Message Service

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Walsh ◽  
Jay K. Brinker
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Short Message Service ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Message ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Message Service ◽  
Working Day

Abstract. When using Short Message Service (SMS) as a tool for data collection in psychological research, participants can be contacted at any time. This study examined how sampling frequency and time of day of contact impacted on response rates, response completeness, and response delay in repeated measures data collected via SMS. Eighty-five undergraduate students completed a six-item self-report questionnaire via SMS, in response to 20 SMS prompts sent on a random schedule. One group responded across 2 days, the other on a compressed schedule of 1 day. Overall, there was a high response rate. There was no significant difference in response rate, completeness, and delay of those responding across 1 or 2 days. Timing between prompts did not impact on response behavior. Responses were more likely to be complete if prompts were sent during the working day. The shortest time between prompts was 15 min, however, and use of an undergraduate sample limits generalizability. When conducting repeated measures sampling using SMS, researchers should be aware that more frequent sampling can be associated with poorer data quality, and should aim to collect data during the working day rather than mornings or evenings.

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