Success of Covert Negative Reinforcement is Not the Result of Operant Conditioning

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-961
Author(s):  
Robert Zemore ◽  
Brent Ramsay ◽  
Judith Zemore
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Escape Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Reinforcement Procedure

In the covert negative reinforcement procedure, a client is asked to imagine an unpleasant situation and then to imagine performing the adaptive response whose frequency the therapist-wishes to increase. According to Cautela, the imagined adaptive response should increase in frequency because of its association with the termination of the unpleasant image, just as escape-conditioning leads to an increase in the frequency of a response that terminates a noxious stimulus. Using 27 college students who showed an aversion to harmless snakes, this investigation attempted to test Cautela's conditioning rationale by comparing covert negative reinforcement with a procedure containing all of the elements of covert negative reinforcement except for the theoretically essential pairing of the imagined unpleasant situation with the imagined adaptive response. Self-report and behavioral measures of snake aversion indicated no consistent differences in the effectiveness of these two treatments, although both treatments were significantly more effective than no treatment. Over-all, the results of this experiment were interpreted as contradicting the escape-conditioning explanation of covert negative reinforcement.

scholarly journals Perceived Stress and Cyberloafing among College Students: The Mediating Roles of Fatigue and Negative Coping Styles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4468
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Frank Andrasik ◽  
Chuanhua Gu
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
Negative Coping ◽  
Stress Fatigue

Cyberloafing has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars because of the widespread use of digital devices in educational environments. This research was conducted to investigate the roles of fatigue and negative coping styles in mediating the relationship between perceived stress and cyberloafing. A total of 730 undergraduates (reduced to 716 due to incomplete data) completed self-report questionnaires measuring perceived stress, fatigue, negative coping styles, and cyberloafing. Perceived stress was shown to be a significant predictor of cyberloafing. Furthermore, negative coping styles played a unique mediating role and fatigue and negative coping styles exerted a sequential mediating effect on the association between perceived stress and cyberloafing. We envision the findings as being helpful in guiding educators develop interventions for minimizing cyberloafing by college students and its disrupting effects.

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Media Multitasking in American and Malaysian College Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Laura L. Bowman ◽  
Bradley M. Waite ◽  
Laura E. Levine
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Electronic Media Use ◽  
Reading Activities ◽  
Malaysian Students ◽  
Report Measure

Asian societies have adopted electronic media in equal measure to western societies. Media use, its impacts and correlates have been examined in western and some Asian societies, but this study is unique in examining Malaysian students' use of media. Malaysian and American college students reported their electronic media use, reading activities and patterns of multitasking with media while studying. They also were administered an academic distractibility questionnaire and a standard self-report measure of impulsiveness. Results indicated that Malaysians reported more electronic media use than Americans as well as more multitasking with media and multitasking while studying. For both Malaysians and Americans, students who reported using social networking while studying scored higher on measures of distractibility and impulsiveness. A more complex pattern of results for other types of media use and reading are described.

scholarly journals Concordance of Self-Report and Measured Height and Weight of College Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Quick ◽  
Carol Byrd-Bredbenner ◽  
Suzanne Shoff ◽  
Adrienne A. White ◽  
Barbara Lohse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Self Report

Single SNN Architecture for Classical and Operant Conditioning using Reinforcement Learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Etienne Dumesnil ◽  
Philippe-Olivier Beaulieu ◽  
Mounir Boukadoum
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Field Programmable Gate Array ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Spiking Neural Network ◽  
Robotic Platform ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
The Stability

A bio-inspired robotic brain is presented where the same spiking neural network (SNN) can implement five variations of learning by conditioning (LC): classical conditioning (CC), and operant conditioning (OC) with positive/negative reinforcement/punishment. In all cases, the links between input stimuli, output actions, reinforcements and punishments are strengthened depending on the stability of the delays between them. To account for the parallel processing nature of neural networks, the SNN is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and the neural delays are extracted via an adaptation of the synapto-dendritic kernel adapting neuron (SKAN) model, for a low resource demanding FPGA implementation of the SNN. A custom robotic platform successfully tested the ability of the proposed architecture to implement the five LC behaviors. Hence, this work contributes to the engineering field by proposing a scalable low resource demanding architecture for adaptive systems, and the cognitive field by suggesting that both CC and OC can be modeled as a single cognitive architecture.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN BEHAVIORAL OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI SMA NEGERI 3 GOWA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Agustina Rahayu ◽  
Wahyuni Ismail ◽  
Saprin .
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Conditioning Approach

This study aims to find out the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in learning Islamic education in state high school 3 Gowa, knowing the supporting factors and inhibiting the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa and to know the result of applying behavioral operant conditioning approach on Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. This thesis uses primary and secondary data sources. Methods of data collection are observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis is data reduction, display data (presentation of data) and conclusion. The results showed that the implementation of behavioral operant conditioning approach on learning Islamic education in state high school 3 Gowa has been running well because Islamic education teachers have made lesson plans, implement learning according to lesson plan and evaluate to students on each sub-subject matter that can not be separated from provision of positive and negative reinforcement, although sometimes in the implementation of learning is less in accordance with the lesson plan that has been made by teachers Islamic education. In addition, after applying the behavioral operant conditioning approach to Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa teachers also gained advantages and disadvantages of behavioral operant conditioning approach. The advantages obtained are students more enthusiastic and competing in following the learning process, can change student behavior to be better and motivated students in order to learn more enterprising. While the lack of a student who feels envy to students who excel and student behavior more wins.

Semantic Desensitization: Language Conditioning or Demand Characteristics Manipulation?

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sappington
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Causal Variable

Previous studies in language conditioning, especially those called semantic desensitization, have shown changes in self-report, behavioral measures, and the semantic meaning of the target concept following treatment. This last has been proposed as a causal variable but experimental and control groups differed greatly in terms of their demand characteristics. The present study included a placebo group with demand characteristics similar to those of the control group. The target area was self-concept (18 male Ss, 9 female Ss). Significant changes in self-report and actual performance with a hand dynamometer were obtained but these were as great for the placebo group as for the experimental groups. It was suggested that factors other than conditioning are of importance in semantic desensitization.

An Examination of the Current Usefulness of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Oswald
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Report Measure

In the present study, an ethnically diverse convenience sample ( N = 182; 62% female) of working adults (56%) and college students ( M age = 30.9 yr., SD = 12.8, range = 18 to 71) completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory which is a widely used self-report measure of perceptions of gender roles. Based on their scores, individuals' sex roles can be categorized as Masculine or Feminine (sex-typed) or Androgynous. The results of this study suggest that, almost 30 years after it was first developed, the categories can still be used to categorize men and women of varying ages.

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