Social Organization of Young Children's Groups: A Comparison of Two Models of Dominance Relations

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Frankel ◽  
Tali Arbel
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
Different Characteristics

The dominance hierarchy has provided a central construct for analyzing the organization of social interactions between young children. Hierarchies, though, constitute only one way of ordering dominance relations It is therefore possible that non-hierarchical orderings of dominance may suggest different characteristics of social organization. In the present study, dominance relations were evaluated with both hierarchical and non-hierarchical models. Across three groups of 2-yr.-olds, the hierarchical measure did not correlate with non-agonistic measures. The non-hierarchical measure of dominance relations, however, proved to be strongly correlated with the orderings for the non-agonistic behaviors. It was suggested that if dominance relations are used to evaluate social organization, the structural characteristics that may be attributed to a group of young children may depend upon the kind of measure that is used to analyze the dominance relations. Hierarchic and non-hierarchic measures of dominance relations may not imply identical properties of social organization.

Dominance relations and agonistic behaviour of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) during fall and spring migration

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon S Badzinski
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Cygnus Columbianus ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Simple Decision Rule

Social interactions and agonistic activities of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) were documented at Long Point, Ontario, to determine (i) dominance relations among social groups and (ii) the frequency and intensity of agonistic acts by swans. Families were involved in one-third as many interactions as were nonfamily groups. Nonfamily groups initiated interactions with other nonfamily groups more often than they did with family groups, but families initiated the same relative numbers of interactions with family and nonfamily groups. Further, families won nearly all conflicts with nonfamily groups, which suggests that they generally dominated nonfamily groups. Tundra Swans also showed a dominance hierarchy based largely on family or group size. To reduce conflict and energy expenditure, swans may use a simple "decision rule" during interactions: larger groups and initiators win. Two results supported this: (1) swans initiated interactions more often with smaller groups and (2) groups that initiated won interactions more often than did recipients. Swans used low-intensity agonistic acts more frequently than higher intensity ones when engaging members of other social groups, but intensity of aggression was independent of group status. Dominance based on the use of simple cues may be especially beneficial in unstable social environments at major staging areas.

Social ethology of the wolverine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Copeland ◽  
Arild Landa ◽  
Kimberly Heinemeyer ◽  
Keith B. Aubry ◽  
Jiska van Dijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social System ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
The Social ◽  
Living Species

Social behaviour in solitary carnivores has long been an active area of investigation but for many species remains largely founded in conjecture compared to our understanding of sociality in group-living species. The social organization of the wolverine has, until now, received little attention beyond its portrayal as a typical mustelid social system. In this chapter the authors compile observations of social interactions from multiple wolverine field studies, which are integrated into an ecological framework. An ethological model for the wolverine is proposed that reveals an intricate social organization, which is driven by variable resource availability within extremely large territories and supports social behaviour that underpins offspring development.

Immunity in human schistosomiasis mansoni: prevention by blocking antibodies of the expression of immunity in young children

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Butterworth ◽  
R. Bensted-Smith ◽  
A. Capron ◽  
M. Capron ◽  
P. R. Dalton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
Blocking Antibodies

SUMMARYA total of 129 children were treated forSchistosoma mansoniinfections, and followed for intensity of reinfection at3-monthly intervals over a 21-month period. Blood samples were taken before treatment and at 5 weeks and 6, 12 and 18 months after treatment. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the relationship between various immune responses and subsequent reinfection. Responses analysed were: blood eosinophil levels; IgE antibodies against schistosomulum antigens; IgG antibodies mediating eosinophil-dependent killing of schistosomula; antibodies inhibiting the binding to schistosomulum antigens of two rat monoclonal antibodies that also recognize egg antigens; the levels of anti-adult worm and of anti-egg (total, IgM and IgG) antibodies; and IgM anti-schistosomulum antibodies. Results for each assay were well correlated for each of the five separate blood samples. None of the assays were predictive of resistance to reinfection, butsusceptibilityto reinfection was strongly correlated with results in the preceding blood samples for total anti-egg antibodies and the inhibition of binding of one of the two monoclonal antibodies. Further analysis also revealed a correlation between reinfection intensities and both IgM anti-schistosomulum antibodies and IgM and IgG anti-egg antibodies. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that early infections elicit the development, in response to egg antigens, of antibodies that block immune mechanisms directed against schistosomula. Blocking antibodies may be IgM, but might also be of an ineffective IgG isotype. The existence of such antibodies in young children would explain the slow development of immunity in the face of a range of detectable, potentially protective immune responses.

scholarly journals Supporting Executive Function Skills in Early Childhood: Using a Peer Buddy Approach for Community, Confidence, and Citizenship

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen I. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Classroom Community ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Cognitive Decision ◽  
Positive Social Skills

<p>This article provides a descriptive overview of a peer buddy program designed to develop and support young children’s executive functioning in early childhood classrooms. The author defines and categorizes executive function skills and analyzes their development in early childhood and benefits in the continued academic success of young children. The steps in creating a peer buddy program are explained, and a framework is provided for teachers to help the entire class develop effective executive function skills while facilitating positive social skills for classroom community building and citizenship. By supporting young children in their efforts to develop stronger executive function skills, teachers build resilience and help them discover their strengths for facilitating social interactions, problem-solving skills, and confidence in cognitive decision making to be successful citizens at home and in school.</p>

scholarly journals A Wearable Camera Detects Gaze Peculiarities during Social Interactions in Young Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Magrelli ◽  
Basilio Noris ◽  
Patrick Jermann ◽  
Francois Ansermet ◽  
Francois Hentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Wearable Camera

scholarly journals Doubling down on serendipity

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Doctoral Student ◽  
To Come ◽  
Minority View ◽  
The Relationship

The lessons I have learned over the last many years seem always to come in pairs – a lesson about the findings that brings with it a lesson about life as a researcher...Lesson 1. Even as a doctoral student, I believed that the sorts of social interactions young children had with adults supported language acquisition. In 1971, when I completed my dissertation, that was a minority view, and one ridiculed by many. I was, unfortunately, deflected from a full-on commitment to research on the relationship between social environment and language development for many years by the general atmosphere of disdain for such claims. In the intervening years, of course, evidence to support the claim has accumulated, and now it is generally acknowledged that a large part of the variance among children in language skills can be explained by their language environments. This consensus might have been achieved earlier had I and others been braver about pursuing it.[Download the PDF and read more...]

scholarly journals High-order social interactions in groups of mice

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Shemesh ◽  
Yehezkel Sztainberg ◽  
Oren Forkosh ◽  
Tamar Shlapobersky ◽  
Alon Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
High Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Minimal Models ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Collective Group

Social behavior in mammals is often studied in pairs under artificial conditions, yet groups may rely on more complicated social structures. Here, we use a novel system for tracking multiple animals in a rich environment to characterize the nature of group behavior and interactions, and show strongly correlated group behavior in mice. We have found that the minimal models that rely only on individual traits and pairwise correlations between animals are not enough to capture group behavior, but that models that include third-order interactions give a very accurate description of the group. These models allow us to infer social interaction maps for individual groups. Using this approach, we show that environmental complexity during adolescence affects the collective group behavior of adult mice, in particular altering the role of high-order structure. Our results provide new experimental and mathematical frameworks for studying group behavior and social interactions.

Observations of food consumption in a daycare setting

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Ahn ◽  
Michelle R. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the behaviors and social interactions among preschool children and their teachers during food consumption at a daycare facility. Using social cognitive theory, the goal is to identify how role modeling, rules, behaviors and communication shape these young consumers’ health-related food consumption and habits. Design/methodology/approach – This study was conducted in a US daycare facility among preschool children (aged four years) over a three-month period. Qualitative ethnographic methods included participant and non-participant observation of meals and snack-time. Findings – Findings from the observations revealed that teachers’ food socialization styles and social interactions with peers cultivate children’s food consumption. In addition, commensality rules set by the childcare institution also help children learn other valuable behaviors (e.g. table manners and cleaning up). Research limitations/implications – The study was conducted in one location with one age group so the results may not be generalized to all children. As more young children spend time in preschools and daycare centers, the understanding of how these settings and the caregivers and peers influence them becomes more important. Preschool teachers can influence their young students’ food consumption through their actions and words. Training teachers and cultivating educational programs about ways to encourage healthy eating habits could be implemented. Originality/value – The paper offers observations of actual behaviors among young children in a naturalistic setting.

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