scholarly journals Effects of feeding urea-treated triticale and oat grain mixtures on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, and milk production performance of midlactation dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacper Libera ◽  
Malgorzata Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
Mina Vazirigohar ◽  
Wiktor Zieliński ◽  
Rafal Lukow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Branched Chain

AbstractThe starch content of triticale and oat grains provides much of their readily available energy. Synchronizing energy and nitrogen in the rumen is important in optimizing profitability; for this reason, ammonia processing of these grains was evaluated for its potential to modify ruminal fermentation and to improve milk production performance. A mixture of ground triticale and oats (CONG, in a 60:40 ratio 40 by DM) was treated with urea (5 kg/1000 kg) and urease additive (20 kg/1000 kg) containing 200 g/kg of moisture, for 2 wk (UREG). The urea treatment enhanced the pH and CP content of grains by 34% and 52%, respectively. In a batch culture study, CONG or UREG as the only substrate was incubated in a buffered ruminal fluid. Compared to CONG, UREG increased pH, total VFA concentration, total gas, and disappearance of DM, while reducing CH4 production, whereas NH3 concentration increased and entodiniomorph counts tended to increase. In the in vivo study, cows were randomly allocated to two dietary groups (n = 24) and were offered TMR based on maize and grass silage, containing either 155 g/kg of CONG and 80 g/kg of soybean meal (CONT) or 155 g/kg of UREG and 59 g/kg of soybean meal (URET) for 31 d. Ruminal fluid was collected (n = 10) using rumenocentesis. The relative abundances of Streptococcus bovis decreased, but Megasphaera elsdenii, methanogens, and ammonia-producing bacteria increased by URET. Entodiniomorph and holotrich counts were decreased by URET. Feeding with URET increased ruminal pH and concentrations of total VFA, acetate, branched-chain VFA, and NH3. Feeding with URET also increased milk yield. These results demonstrate that replacing untreated triticale and oat grains with urea-treated grains can beneficially modulate ruminal microbiota and fermentation, consequently improving production performance and profitability.

The effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity on ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating Holstein cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Tricarico ◽  
J. D. Johnston ◽  
K. A. Dawson ◽  
K. C. Hanson ◽  
K. R. McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Lactating Cows

AbstractThe effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity (Amaize™, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) were examinedin vivoandin vitro. A lactating cow study employed 20 intact and four ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design to examine the effects of four concentrations of dietary Amaize™ extract on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation and serum metabolite concentrations. The treatment diets contained 0, 240, 480 or 720 alpha-amylase dextrinizing units (DU) per kg of total mixed ration (TMR) (dry-matter basis). The supplemental alpha-amylase increased the yields of milk (P= 0·02), fat (P= 0·02) and protein (P= 0·06) quadratically. The maximum milk yield was obtained when 240 DU per kg of TMR were offered. Ruminalin situstarch disappearance was not affected by alpha-amylase supplementation in lactating cows or ruminally cannulated steers. Supplemental alpha-amylase extract reduced the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen of steers (P= 0·08) and lactating cows (P= 0·04), and in rumen-simulating cultures (P= 0·04). The supplement also increased the molar proportions of acetate (P= 0·06) and butyrate (P= 0·05), and the serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (P= 0·01) and non-esterified fatty acid (P= 0·03) concentrations in lactating cows. The improvements in milk production appear to be a consequence of the effects of alpha-amylase on ruminal fermentation and the potential changes in nutrient metabolism that result from them. We conclude that supplemental alpha-amylase may be given to modify ruminal fermentation and improve milk and component yield in lactating Holstein cattle.

Depression of ruminal digestion in adult sheep by aureomycin.

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Turner ◽  
VE Hodgetts
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

After the consumption by adult sheep of an amount of aureomycin hydrochloride corresponding to 23.6-27.1 mg. per kg. body weight, the ruminal flora had fallen about 75 per cent. within two hours and remained a t this low level for at least two days, the survivors being predominantly Gram-positive rods and cocci. Ruminal fermentation was greatly depressed; the yield of organic acids reached only about 30 per cent. of the normal and was insufficient to lower the ruminal pH significantly. Appetite was lessened and body weight fell, but responded favourably to administration of ruminal fluid and yeast extract.

scholarly journals Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajing Ban ◽  
Le Luo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
Barriers And Challenges

AbstractDirect-fed microbials (DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals’ health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry. Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria, lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups, and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. To date, the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH, promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion. Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants, however, these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade, aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages, and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs. Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis, improve immune response and gut health, increase productivity (growth and milk production), and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens. More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants, and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.

Increasing amounts of crushed wheat fed with Persian clover herbage reduced ruminal pH and dietary fibre digestibility in lactating dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Leddin ◽  
C. R. Stockdale ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. W. Heard ◽  
P. T. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Acetate Butyrate

Sixteen cows in early lactation were individually fed diets consisting of fresh Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)-dominant pasture, offered to all cows at 3.7 kg DM/100 kg liveweight (LW); either alone or supplemented with amounts of crushed wheat ranging from ~0.3 to 0.9 kg DM/100 kg LW (four treatments with four cows per treatment). Cows fed Persian clover alone consumed 19 kg DM/day and total DM intake increased (P < 0.001) in a linear manner as the amount of wheat consumed increased, with no significant effects on clover intake. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations declined from 28 to 24%, and in vivo NDF (P = 0.055) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; P = 0.015) digestibilities also declined. There were no significant effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter or gross energy. The extent to which negative associative effects on NDF digestion was associated with the clover could not be determined as it was not possible to distinguish between the NDF derived from clover or wheat, but the decline in ADF digestibility suggested that most of the response lay with the clover since the wheat only contained relatively small amounts of ADF. Ruminal fluid pH was below 6.0 for more than 18 h/day in all cows. There was no effect of wheat in the diet on average ruminal fluid pH, but lowest values during the day were negatively related (P < 0.05) to the proportion of wheat in the diet. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, ruminal fluid ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.001) and the acetate + butyrate to propionate ratio (P < 0.001) decreased. The proportion of wheat in the diet did not affect nylon bag estimates of NDF degradation rates for grain or forage. Although most data indicated that effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on the utilisation of consumed nutrients were small, the marginal milk response to additional wheat averaged only 0.9 kg energy-corrected milk/kg DM wheat.

Effect of protein level and grain source on milk production, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
H. Mirzaei-Alamouti ◽  
A. Mohammad ◽  
M. Vazirigohar ◽  
P. Rezamand ◽  
M. Mansouryar
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

Abstract This study investigated whether the interaction of protein level and grain type can affect milk production, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows. Four dietary treatments were used: high-protein with barley as the only grain source, HP-B; (2) high-protein with an equal mix of barley and maize, HP-BM; (3) low-protein with barley as the only grain source, LP-B and (4) low-protein with equal proportions of barley and maize, LP-BM. High-protein diets showed no improvement in milk or protein yield compared with low-protein, but barley and maize mix diets increased energy-corrected milk yield and fat yield compared with barley-only diets. The highest total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre was observed for LP-BM whereas HP-BM showed the greatest crude protein digestibility. Treatment had no effect on total volatile fatty acid concentrations, molar proportion of acetate and propionate and acetate to propionate ratio. The lowest ruminal pH was observed for LP-B. High-protein diets resulted in greater concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (N), urinary N, blood and milk urea nitrogen compared with low-protein diets, whereas low-protein diets showed better nitrogen utilization efficiency. This study showed that primiparous lactating cows do not benefit from high-protein diets with different fermentation rates of grain sources, but barley and maize diets may improve milk production performance, ruminal fermentation and pH under the present dietary conditions. The current results on milk production performance should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cows used (eight in each treatment).

Buffer systems in the rumen of sheep. II. Buffering properties in relationship to composition.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Turner ◽  
VE Hodgetts
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Buffer Value ◽  
Ph Range

Acid-base titration curves of ovine ruminal fluid confirmed the findings of Clark and Lombard (1951) that ruminal fluid is relatively well buffered against addition of acid, but relatively poorly against additions of alkali. However, considerable differences were observed between samples from different sheep. These were associated with differences in the interval after feeding, the nature of the diet, and the consumption of drinking water; and were correlated with differences in total and relative concentrations of bicarbonate, phosphate, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The relative importance of the main buffering components in particular fluids was studied by examining the effects of the following procedures upon titration curves: ( a ) varying bicarbonate concentration by varying pCO2; ( b ) removing, and restoring, bicarbonate, phosphate, and VFA; and ( c ) removing particulate material. Particulate material was relatively unimportant as a buffer. Within the usual pH range of the rumen, the important buffering components were bicarbonate and phosphate. In the fasting rumen, bicarbonate was more important than phosphate, and this was found to be also true in parotid saliva. As ruminal fermentation proceeded and as VFA accumulated, bicarbonate and pH decreased and the buffer value depended more and more upon phosphate. In actively fermenting rumens, in which VFA concentration was high and the pH less than 6, VFA contributed significantly to the buffer resistance against further additions of acid. It is pointed out that, because the acids and bases generated during ruminal fermentation are relatively weak, they alter ruminal pH less, mole for mole, than the strong titrants conventionally used in titrations.

Effects of fibre level and particle size on rumen microbial fermentation and protein metabolism using liquid and solid associated bacteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
S. Calsamiglia ◽  
A. Ferret
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
N Metabolism

The effects of fibre level (F) and forage particle size (S) on ruminal fermentation profile is often mediated through changes in feed intake, rates of digestion or passage, ruminal pH and/or bacteria population. Therefore, most in vivo studies have confounded the direct effect of F or S with changes in the rumen environment. In vitro systems allow to control several fermentation conditions independently (pH, flow rates, intake). Total, bacterial and dietary nitrogen (N) flows are generally calculated using liquid associated bacteria (LAB), although solid associated bacteria (SAB) represent about 80% of total bacterial population in the rumen (Olobobokun and Craig, 1988). The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of F and S on microbial fermentation and N metabolism using LAB or SAB values in a dual flow continuos culture system.

scholarly journals PSXI-17 Influence of hops on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 408-408
Author(s):  
Yamicela Castillo-Castillo ◽  
Raul Solis ◽  
Armando A Quintana ◽  
Claudio Arzola ◽  
Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract An in vitro incubation was carried out to evaluate the potential of hops (Humulus lupulus) as an alternative to antibiotics for upgrading animal production. Whole pellets of hops (Variety Galena) were ground and incubated in a batch culture of ruminal fluid (2000 mg of ground corn grain + 10 mL of fresh rumen liquor). Ruminal fluid was collected from two beef cows through an esophageal tube. The hops were incubated by 24 h at levels of 0, 800, 1600 and 2400 µg/mL. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using PROC GLM of SAS. Hops addition linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.01) gas production (GP; 90.89, 61.73, 36.63 and 28.37 µmol/g respectively) and methane production (MP; 9.76, 1.70, 1.30 and 0.46 µmol/g respectively). The CO2 production linearly increased as levels of hops increased (P &lt; 0.02; 87.5, 88.4, 98.1 and 99.3 µmol/g respectively). The ammonia-N production was reduced in treatment 2 with respect to other treatments (P &lt; 0.03; 12.6, 9.2, 13.7 and 13.5 µmol/g). Effects on ruminal fermentation of corn grain were dose dependent of hops. Addition of hops in ruminant feeding may offer a means to decrease ruminal methane production. Further research is needed to test efficacy of hops on other in vivo rumen-fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals Ruminal Fermentation, Growth Rate and Methane Production in Sheep Fed Diets Including White Clover, Soybean Meal or Porphyra sp.

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibeke Lind ◽  
Martin R. Weisbjerg ◽  
Grete M. Jørgensen ◽  
Júlia E. Fernandez-Yepes ◽  
Lesly Arbesú ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of Porphyra sp. as an alternative source of protein to soybean meal in diets for sheep. Our experimental treatments included a control diet (CON) based on grass silage and crushed oats and three diets containing protein supplements, clover silage (CLO), soybean meal (SOY) or Porphyra sp. (POR) to increase dietary crude protein concentrations. We studied its effects on rumen fermentation, growth rate and methane emissions. Ruminal fermentation characteristics, kinetics of gas production and methane production were studied in vitro by using batch cultures inoculated with rumen inoculum from sheep. There were no differences among diets in total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production or in the VFA profile in vitro. Across treatments, we measured no differences in methane production either in vitro or in vivo, and we saw no noticeable antimethanogenic effect of Porphyra sp. The present in vivo trial with lambs showed no differences in average daily weight gain when fed diets including Porphyra sp. or soybean meal diets (250 and 254 g/d, respectively). We conclude that Porphyra sp. has a protein value similar to high-quality protein sources like soybean meal.

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