scholarly journals The assessment of the efficacy of STRs panels recommended by the ISAG for canine pedigrees analysis for forensic casework

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Radko ◽  
Angelika Podbielska ◽  
Izabela A. Wierzbowska
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Str Markers ◽  
Forensic Casework ◽  
The Core ◽  
Forensic Investigations

Abstract Canine DNA is widely used in forensic investigations, particularly in dog attacks cases on humans. Nowadays, STR markers are employed worldwide in forensic laboratories to test human and animal genotypes. In the study we analysed the effectiveness of panel – 18 STR as previously recommended by ISAG and the same panel with three additional markers – 21 STR, which has been recommended by ISAG as the core panel for dog identification since 2016. We calculated the PD, PID for these sets of panels and estimated RMP based on the DNA profile obtained during an investigation of a woman bitten by a dog. The high combined CPD value for 18 and 21 STRs showed values close to 1.0. The CPID value for theses panels was 5.2 × 10−10 to 6.4 × 10−14. Statistical analysis estimated the random DNA match, in the case of the woman bitten by a dog, with a probability of 4.3×1019 and 2.8×1022, using 18 and 21 STR panels respectively, and that the canine DNA profile from the crime scene originated from the suspected dog and not from another random dog. Our results show that both STR panels can be used effectively for individual identification and forensic casework.

scholarly journals Forensic application of Y-chromosomal STR analysis in Lithuanian population

Biologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giedrė Ruzgaitė ◽  
Marija Čaplinskienė ◽  
Rima Baranovienė ◽  
Jūratė Jankauskienė ◽  
Jolanta Kukienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Frequency ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Match Probability ◽  
Str Analysis ◽  
Str Markers ◽  
Forensic Casework ◽  
Chromosome Gene

This paper presents a comprehensive Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis in the Lithuanian population in order to evaluate Lithuanians’ Y chromosome diversity, to infer genetic relations between Lithuanian and other European neighbouring populations and to introduce population reference data for generation of reliable Y-STR haplotype frequency estimates to be used in the quantitative assessment of Y-STR haplotype match in the forensic casework. Data were collected from the peripheral blood samples of 194 unrelated males throughout various regions of Lithuania. The amplification of 17 Y-STRs was carried out in one multiplex PCR using an  AmpFlSTR® Yfiler<sup>TM</sup> PCR Amplication Kit according to the supplier’s protocol. The results indicated that the Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity in the Lithuanian population rises as the  number of the  analyzed Y-STRs is increased. However, all additional Y-STR loci are not hypervariable and only their whole makes a large diversity of Y-STR haplotypes in Lithuanian males. The  analysis of molecular variance revealed low but significant interpopulation differences except the pair of Lithuanian and Latvian populations. The  phylogenetic analysis showed that the  clustered Y chromosome gene pool of Lithuanians and Latvians has a closer phylogenetic relation to Russian and Estonian populations and is less genetically related to other neighbouring populations of Belarus and Poland. Yet Y-STRs alleles and haplotypes differentiate effectively inside the  Lithuanian population and between Lithuanians and its geographical neighbours excluding the  Latvian population. Comparison of the Y-STR data suggests that Lithuanian and Latvian populations are closely related not only by geography and language but also by the Y chromosome gene pool represented by forensic Y-STR markers. Consequently, more forensic Y-STR markers should be included in the Y-STR haplotype in order to achieve a resolution between the  Y chromosomes of Lithuanian and Latvian males. Lithuanian Y-STR haplotype data were submitted to the 34th release of the Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database 3.0 for match probability calculations in the forensic casework.

scholarly journals Efficient DNA Sampling in Burglary Investigations

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Colin Charles Tièche ◽  
Markus Dubach ◽  
Martin Zieger
Keyword(s):  
Crime Scene ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Dna Sampling ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Crime Scene Investigators ◽  
Dna Collection ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
Reference Samples

In terms of crime scene investigations by means of forensic DNA-analyses, burglaries are the number one mass crime in Switzerland. Around one third of the DNA trace profiles registered in the Swiss DNA database are related to burglaries. However, during the collection of potential DNA traces within someone’s residence after a burglary, it is not known whether the sampled DNA originated from the perpetrator or from an inhabitant of said home. Because of the high incidence of burglaries, crime scene investigators usually do not collect reference samples from all the residents for economical and administrative reasons. Therefore, the presumably high probability that a DNA profile belonging to a person authorized to be at the crime scene ends up being sent to a DNA database for comparison, has to be taken into account. To our knowledge, no investigation has been made to evaluate the percentage of these non-perpetrator profiles straying into DNA databases. To shed light on this question, we collected reference samples from residents who had been victims of recent burglaries in their private homes. By comparing the profiles established from these reference samples with the profiles generated from trace DNA, we can show that the majority of the DNA samples collected in burglary investigations belong to the residents. Despite the limited number of cases included in the study, presumably due to a crime decline caused by the pandemic, we further show that trace DNA collection in the vicinity of the break and entry area, in particular window and door glasses, is most promising for sampling perpetrator instead of inhabitant DNA.

scholarly journals FTIR Hyperspectral Images of Microscopic Droplets of Splattered Blood

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Huffman ◽  
Kara B. Lukasiewicz ◽  
Chris W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Crime Scene ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Exact Time ◽  
Important Clue ◽  
Crime Scene Investigators ◽  
Forensic Investigations

During forensic Investigations, determining the time frame of a crime can be an extremely important clue for solving the case. The exact time at which a crime was committed can be especially difficult to determine when considerable time has elapsed. To improve the predictive capabilities of crime scene investigators, we have focused on using spectroscopic methods to Investigate the aging of bloodstains.

Forensic Statistics in Health Sciences

2011 ◽  
pp. 326-344
Author(s):  
Amit Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Profile Matching ◽  
Statistical Application ◽  
Dna Profiles

This chapter reviews the application of forensic statistical methods related issues such as: methods of deciphering evidence, DNA profile matching, searching a database of DNA profiles, scientific reliability, discrimination in presentation of statistical evidence in legal settings, assumptions in underlying statistical analysis when evidence is presented, precision & accuracy, role of using extreme values in evidence, and decision analysis in forensic science. The emphasis of the chapter is on concepts from statistical application, nature, and use of evidences in everyday clinical practice and in the court of law. Another goal of the chapter is to serve as a central reference to access of information about resources related to this topic.

Monastic charitable provision in Tudor England: quantifying and qualifying poor relief in the early sixteenth century

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL S. RUSHTON
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
The Core ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
National Tax ◽  
The Church

Monastic charitable provision in the later Middle Ages through to the Dissolution has often been described as inadequate in terms of both quantity and quality. It has been accused of ineffectiveness because of its allegedly indiscriminate nature. This article suggests that in fact the religious houses and hospitals of England were providing a greater amount of poor relief in a more assiduous manner than has previously been allowed. The core of evidence comes from the 1535 national tax assessment of the Church, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. This contains details of the charitable provision carried out by most monasteries and hospitals as recorded by Crown commissions. After allowances have been made for the bias in the survey, a statistical analysis is carried out which indicates that an upward reassessment should be made of the quantity of monastic charity. Qualitative evidence from both the Valor Ecclesiasticus and from other contemporary sources also suggests that the pre-Reformation Church was providing genuinely beneficial poor relief.

The psychology of inherence is self-referential (and that is a good thing)

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
Fred L. Bookstein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Good Thing ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
The Core

AbstractCimpian & Salomon (C&S) appear to characterize the inherence heuristic and essentialism as unwise or childish aspects of human reasoning. But actually, these cognitive modes lie at the core of statistical analysis across all of the quantitative sciences, including the developmental cognitive psychology in which the argument here is couched. Their whole argument is as much an example of its topic as an analysis of it.

scholarly journals Effect of the action of diamond burs with high speed on the tensile strength of cores cemented with zinc phosphate at different preparation times

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
Vanilde Rocha Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Zinc Phosphate ◽  
Metallic Core ◽  
The Core ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Cobalt Chrome Alloy ◽  
Cobalt Chrome

Objective: To know the finishing effect, in order to be able to safely proceed with the cores preparation in the daily clinic, without compromising the prosthetic restoration longevity. Methods: This study used 48 human single-rooted premolars, which after the section of its crowns, were endodontically treated, and its root canal prepared 8 mm deep to receive cores casting in cobalt-chrome alloy. Cementing was made with zinc phosphate and the tensile test performed at different preparation times: G1 - without re-preparation after cementation (control); G2 - re-prepared 24 hours after cementation, and G3 - re-prepared 15 minutes after cementation. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the tensile strength values in the different groups (p = 0.233), in other words, the core re-preparation 15 minutes or 24 hours after the cementation caused no significant reduction in tensile strength between the core and the root remaining when using the zinc phosphate cement. Conclusion: The metallic core re-preparation cast 15 minutes or 24 hours after cementation caused no significant reduction in tensile strength between the cast metallic core and the root remaining, although in absolute values there was an important difference.

scholarly journals Code-switching and translated/untranslated repetitions in Nuyorican Spanglish

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 12139
Author(s):  
Marina Semenova
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
Internal Code

Nuyorican Spanglish is a variety of Spanglish used primarily by people of Puerto Rican origin living in New York. Like many other varieties of the hybrid Spanglish idiom, it is based on extensive code-switching. The objective of the article is to discuss the main features of code-switching as a strategy in Nuyrican Spanglish applying the methods of linguistic, componential, distribution and statistical analysis. The paper focuses on prosiac and poetic texts created in Nuyrican Spanglish between 1978 and 2020, including the novel Yo-Yo Boing! by Giannina Braschi and 142 selected Boricua poems, which allows us to make certain observations on the philosophy and identity of Nuyorican Spanglish speakers. As a result, two types of code-switching as a strategy are denoted: external and internal code-switching for both written and oral speech forms. Further, it is concluded that repetition, also falling into two categories (translated and untranslated), embodies the core values of Nuyorican Spanglish (freedom of choice and focus on the linguistic personality) and reflects the philosophical basis for code-switching.

scholarly journals Innocent until proven guilty: Privacy-preserving search over a central CODIS criminal database from the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Blindenbach ◽  
Karthik A. Jagadeesh ◽  
Gill Bejerano ◽  
David J. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dna Index ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithm ◽  
Forensic Samples ◽  
Dna Profiles ◽  
Database Match

AbstractThe presumption of innocence (i.e., the principle that one is considered innocent until proven guilty) is a cornerstone of the criminal justice system in many countries, including the United States. DNA analysis is an important tool for criminal investigations1. In the U.S. alone, it has already aided in over half a million investigations using the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) and associated DNA databases2. CODIS includes DNA profiles of crime scene forensic samples, convicted offenders, missing persons and more. The CODIS framework is currently used by over 50 other countries3 including much of Europe, Canada, China and more. During investigations, DNA samples can be collected from multiple individuals who may have had access to, or were found near a crime scene, in the hope of finding a single criminal match4. Controversially, CODIS samples are sometimes retained from adults and juveniles despite not yielding any database match4–6. Here we introduce a cryptographic algorithm that finds any and all matches of a person’s DNA profile against a CODIS database without revealing anything about the person’s profile to the database provider. With our protocol, matches are immediately identified as before; however, individuals who do not match anything in the database retain their full privacy. Our novel algorithm runs in 40 seconds on a CODIS database of 1,000,000 entries, enabling its use to privately screen potentially-innocent suspects even in the field.

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