scholarly journals Argumentation in Training Courses – Form and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Gabriela Chefneux
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Opening Stage ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe paper starts from the assumption that argumentation is a basic feature of everyday interaction; interlocutors resort to it to minimize disagreement, to resolve disputes, or to align the audience to the speakers’ point of view. In order to achieve this, speakers continually adjust themselves to their audience’s reaction, who play a major part in the process. The paper aims to analyse the arguments used during the opening stage of a training course for life insurance agents, arguments brought by the manager of the company providing the course. It considers their uses, structure, and linguistic realization. In terms of structure, the arguments are analysed in respect of their constituents – data, claim, qualifier, warrant, backing, and rebuttal (Toulmin (2003), while their linguistic realization is investigated at various levels – words, sentences, speech acts, and figures of speech. Using the data recorded during the training course, it selects the arguments that are considered more relevant with a view to identifying their function, structure, and lexical realization.

THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: SICKLE CELL DISEASE CRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635
Author(s):  
Howard A. Pearson ◽  
Louis K. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Heterozygous Form ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

This brief review, being limited in scope to the recognition and management of the life-threatening and painful crises in infants and children with sickle-cell disease, has not even touched on the intriguing mystery of the molecular basis for the sickling phenomenon–how one amino-acid substitution (gene controlled) in the beta chain sequence of 146 amino acids can cause such serious disruption in form and function; or how this mutation occurred in the first place and why it has persisted in contrast to the rapid disappearance of many other deleterious mutants. Nor has there been even mention of the many milder symptoms, signs, and complications due to the presence of Hb. S., either in the homozygous (disease-producing) state or heterozygous form when found in combination with other hereditary hemoglobin defects. The accumulated knowledge about this mutant gene, its biochemical effects, and geographic distribution is enormous. From a fundamental scientific standpoint, sickle cell disease is one of the best understood of human afflictions. However, from a practical point of view treatment of the patient himself is often only symptomatic and palliative. Nevertheless, prompt and effective therapy of the myriad manifestations of sickle cell disease can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality. The pediatrician who cares for black children in his practice should be familiar with the cardinal diagnostic and clinical aspects of sickle cell disease and its crises.

scholarly journals Maintaining and Improving the Environmental Cleanliness in Semarang Municipality in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Oktiva Herry Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Similar Point ◽  
The Face ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
Participatory Observation

Language produced in a specific event of communication will have its form and function. Some messages are delivered in direct ways meaning the form and the functions are symmetric; some others are delivered in indirect ways, asymmetric. Direct or indirect ways will give different perceptions to those who receive the content of the message. Considering the face of receivers is one of the principles that should be made by policy makers as they communicate with people in public space. This article aims to explain the forms of language used to prohibit littering and the way the maker of prohibition thinks about the writing of littering. The research is conducted by using non-participatory observation method. This, then, is followed by applying note taking technique and recording. The result shows mostly the writings of littering prohibition are made an indirect way and less number in indirect way. Having a direct way means society is placed as subordinate in relation to the authorities. Even though less in number, indirect littering prohibition shows some writings see an equal position between the writer and reader. Both take a similar point of view on littering.

Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-254
Author(s):  
Maribel Romero
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Question Types ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Discourse Model ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

While interrogative clauses often function as neutral requests for information, they do not always do so. We will concentrate on three question types which, besides raising an issue, convey speaker bias and in which negation and negation-dependent items play an important role: (i) biased information-seeking polar questions, (ii) tag questions, and (iii) rhetorical questions. To model the pragmatic use-conditions of these question types, a more articulated representation of discourse has been developed, encompassing different epistemic states, Common ground managing operators, complex speech acts, and/or the scoreboard discourse model.

On Declining an Invitation in Homer and in Everyday Talk: Context, Form, and Function

Antichthon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Minchin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Western World ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Everyday Talk ◽  
Everyday World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Single Set

Speech-act theory starts from the premise that the minimal unit of spoken communication is not the word or sentence but the production of words or sentences in the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as challenging, entreating, apologising, thanking, or rebuking. Some speech acts may be expressed quite economically, in a few words (for example, ‘I congratulate you’); others require a sequence of sentences or syntactic chunks to achieve their illocutionary function—that is, to fulfil the intention of the speaker. In a recent paper, drawing on two fields of study outside Classics—cognitive psychology and discourse analysis—I examined a single set of speech acts recorded in the Homeric epics: the rebukes which Homer's characters address to one another in the course of theIliadand theOdyssey. In that paper I demonstrated that all speeches in Homer which we identify as rebukes share a common structure, or format, and that this format is remarkably similar to the format to which we ourselves—in middle-class communities in the Western world—refer when, for example, we chastise a child. And I proposed that this notion of format-based speech may be extended perhaps even to the full range of speech acts observable in this everyday world and in the Homeric epics, of which apologies, challenges, words of consolation, and refusals of invitations are examples.

Narrated perception revisited: The case of Jane Austen’sEmma

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pallarés-García
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Narrative Technique ◽  
Free Indirect Discourse ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Indirect Discourse ◽  
Objective Fact ◽  
And Function

Jane Austen’s Emma (1816) is generally considered an ambiguous and unreliable narrative in terms of point of view (Morini, 2009: 53–57; Wallace, 1995: 77–97). These qualities are often attributed to the extensive use of free indirect discourse (Finch and Bowen, 1990: 5–6; Mezei, 1996: 72–75). This article aims to demonstrate that another narrative technique is also responsible for the ambiguity and unreliability of the novel. ‘Narrated perception’ (NP) portrays the sensory perceptions of a fictional character by describing events as they are experienced by that character (Fludernik, 1993: 305–309). NP has been pointed out by some critics to be a distinct narrative technique, but in general perception is included within the broader category of free indirect discourse (FID), and occasionally as an aspect of free indirect thought (FIT). This article suggests that there are some subtle differences between NP and FID/FIT, and thus it can be beneficial to examine NP separately. In fact, NP is frequently similar to pure narration in terms of form and function. As a case study, this article presents a stylistic analysis of a number of passages containing NP in Emma which do not typically feature in studies of FID/FIT. The analysis provides textual evidence of (1) the presence of Emma’s sensory perceptions within what looks like narration, (2) the close connection between perception, thought and emotion, and (3) the difficulty of distinguishing between perception and narration in some cases, which suggests the potential of NP to mislead the reader by presenting as a seemingly objective fact what later on turns out to be Emma’s mistaken assessment.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Komisif dalam Surah Al-Baqarah dan Implementasinya sebagai Bahan Teks Ceramah Siswa SMA Kelas XI (Commission Speech Act in the Surah Al-Baqarah and It's Implementation as Speech Text Materials of Class XI High School Students)

JALABAHASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Dwi Kurniasih ◽  
Elita Ulfiana
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
School Students ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Function

Sebagai kalamullah Al-Qur‘an memiliki pengertian yang tak terbatas. Pemahaman tersebut dapat ditelisik melalui banyak disiplin ilmu serta banyak fenomena yang ditemukan di masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk serta fungsi tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah dan implementasinya sebagai bahan pembuatan teks ceramah SMA kelas XI. Metode yangdigunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan pragmatik. Data penelitian diperoleh dari Surah Al-Baqarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah yang meliputi tindak tutur komisif berniat, menjamin, menawarkan, dan berikrar/berjanji yang memiliki fungsinya masing-masing. Selain itu, tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah dapat diimplementasikan di dunia pendidikan dengan menggunakannya sebagai bahan pembuatan teks ceramah siswa SMA kelas XI.As kalamullah the Qur'an has unlimited understanding. This understanding can be examined through various scientific disciplines as well as a number of events that develop in the social context of society. The purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of commissive speech acts in the Surah Al-Baqarah and its implementation as material for making class XI high school speech texts. The method used is descriptive qualitative with pragmatic approach. The research data was obtained from the Surah Al-Baqarah. The results of this study are commissive speech acts in the Surah Al-Baqarah which include, commissive speech acts threatening, intending, guaranteeing, offering, and vowing / promising that have their respective functions. In addition, commissive speech acts found in Surah Al-Baqarah can be implemented in the world of education by using them as material for making speech texts for grade XI high school students.

Reproductive Guilds of Fishes: A Proposal and Definition

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Balon
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Reproductive Guilds ◽  
And Function

The emergence of efficient ecosystem modelling is severely hampered by the need for an ecological classification of fishes. An earlier concept of ecological groups is here expanded to cover all living fishes. This ecological classification is based mainly on form and function in early developmental intervals, on preferred spawning grounds, and on features of reproductive behavior. Within the adaptations for reproduction and embryonic development two factors prevail — predators and the oxygen regime; consequently, spawning behavior and spawning grounds determine ensuing respiratory conditions and available protection from predators. The remaining factors are more or less associated with those two. From the point of view of resource exploitation, factors other than feeding habits governing density, biomass, and production are more important. In this sense reproductive guilds are more meaningful than feeding strategies, to which one usage of "guild" was limited.Thirty-two guilds putatively encompass all the 30,000 living fish taxa (or about 20,000 species) and form an ecological classification unrelated to the Linnean classification. The guilds retain phyletic significance in respect to reproductive systems and form a basis for the construction of models on natural and cultural succession. Number of guilds and frequency of taxa within guilds in a given area reflect geochronological sequences and invasion abilities of members of different guilds.

scholarly journals English as a We-Code: form and Function of English in Facebook Status Updates of Non-Native Female and Male Users

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-252
Author(s):  
Marta Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
English Language ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gender Preferences ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
And Function

The English language has featured markedly as a popular language of computer-mediated communication, and notably of Facebook posts, written not only by native or second language speakers, but also users of English as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency, form and function of English language Facebook profile updates of 110 (55 women and 55 men) users of English representing 41 European, Asian, African and Latin American countries belonging to the Expanding Circle. Approached from the point of view of the code choice as well as the users’ gender, and supported by an online survey data, the study analyses in detail the form of the updates in connection with gender preferences and identifies language contexts and functions users choose to express themselves in English as opposed to their native tongue, thereby demonstrating the role of English as a we-code in a social networking service.

scholarly journals Deconstructing variation in pragmatic function: A transdisciplinary case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Wiltschko ◽  
Derek Denis ◽  
Alexandra D'Arcy
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Syntactic Context

AbstractDespite recent advances (e.g. Cheshire 2007; Pichler 2010; Denis 2015), discourse-pragmatic variables continue to challenge variationist theory and methods. An overarching dilemma concerns multifunctionality, raising difficulties for semantic equivalency and the circumscription of the variable context. In this article we present a case study to illustrate that deconstructing a discourse-pragmatic marker into its composite parts reveals clear criteria for disambiguating its principal function and its contextually derived functions. The discussion centres on the pragmatic marker eh in Canadian English. We illustrate that its multifunctionality is derivable from four parts: principal function, syntactic context, prosodic context, and discourse context. Our deconstruction uses a two-pronged methodology, drawing on storyboard elicitation and sociolinguistic interview data, which mutually reinforce our theoretical arguments. Under this transdisciplinary lens, the exponents of form and function become predictable, constrainable, and systematically derivable for probabilistic modelling within and across speech communities. (Confirmationals, multifunctionality, pragmatic markers, eh, speech acts)*

Criteria and Realization of Excellent Designs of Steel Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 690-697
Author(s):  
Zu Yan Shen ◽  
Ye Hua Wang ◽  
Yuan Qi Li
Keyword(s):  
Steel Structures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Construction Engineering ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Engineering Cost ◽  
Current Engineering ◽  
Common Character

Some representative steel structural buildings at home and abroad were discussed from the point of view of architectural form and function, structural system and construction, engineering cost and environmental protection et al. Then the common character of excellent designs and the deficiency of some controversial designs were separately summarized. The essential of steel structural buildings was generalized. Furthermore the criteria of excellent design in the current engineering construction were proposed and expounded from three aspects. At last how to produce excellent designs was explored.

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