On Declining an Invitation in Homer and in Everyday Talk: Context, Form, and Function

Antichthon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Minchin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Western World ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Everyday Talk ◽  
Everyday World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Single Set

Speech-act theory starts from the premise that the minimal unit of spoken communication is not the word or sentence but the production of words or sentences in the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as challenging, entreating, apologising, thanking, or rebuking. Some speech acts may be expressed quite economically, in a few words (for example, ‘I congratulate you’); others require a sequence of sentences or syntactic chunks to achieve their illocutionary function—that is, to fulfil the intention of the speaker. In a recent paper, drawing on two fields of study outside Classics—cognitive psychology and discourse analysis—I examined a single set of speech acts recorded in the Homeric epics: the rebukes which Homer's characters address to one another in the course of theIliadand theOdyssey. In that paper I demonstrated that all speeches in Homer which we identify as rebukes share a common structure, or format, and that this format is remarkably similar to the format to which we ourselves—in middle-class communities in the Western world—refer when, for example, we chastise a child. And I proposed that this notion of format-based speech may be extended perhaps even to the full range of speech acts observable in this everyday world and in the Homeric epics, of which apologies, challenges, words of consolation, and refusals of invitations are examples.

Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-254
Author(s):  
Maribel Romero
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Question Types ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Discourse Model ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

While interrogative clauses often function as neutral requests for information, they do not always do so. We will concentrate on three question types which, besides raising an issue, convey speaker bias and in which negation and negation-dependent items play an important role: (i) biased information-seeking polar questions, (ii) tag questions, and (iii) rhetorical questions. To model the pragmatic use-conditions of these question types, a more articulated representation of discourse has been developed, encompassing different epistemic states, Common ground managing operators, complex speech acts, and/or the scoreboard discourse model.

The Virtues of Everyday Talk: The Enduring Significance of John Milton’s Theory of Expressive Liberties

2020 ◽  
pp. 009059172096626
Author(s):  
Chloé Bakalar
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Nonverbal Expression ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Everyday Talk

The system of free expression John Milton defends in Areopagitica, a pamphlet against prior restraint in publishing, is often characterized as merely a proto-liberal, truth-based marketplace of ideas theory. But this represents a misunderstanding of Milton’s views on the freedoms of conscience, speech, and the press. The tendency in political theory, philosophy, and law to reduce the “free speech Milton” to Areopagitica, and the reduction of that essay to several soundbites, has meant sidelining both the significant exceptions to expressive liberties that Milton calls for and also the role of the social in his theory. This incomplete characterization has enabled Milton’s misuse in First Amendment discourse and jurisprudence, where he is made to support hierarchical approaches to free speech that privilege public political speech and are therefore ill-equipped to address the full range of communicative experiences. More comprehensive readings of Milton, however, reveal both certain limits to free expression, and also deep consideration for a wide range of speech acts. By reading Milton’s theory of expressive liberties in light of the justifications he provides for those freedoms—i.e., virtue-building and Truth-seeking—this essay provides a fuller account of his views. What emerges is a distinctly Miltonian, virtue-driven “political theory of everyday talk” that locates value in even the most ordinary communicative acts. This theory—embracing both verbal and nonverbal expression—not only complements existing political theories of the everyday but can also help illuminate contemporary free speech concerns, many of which stem from the libertarian approach to expressive liberties that Milton (inadvertently) helped inspire.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Komisif dalam Surah Al-Baqarah dan Implementasinya sebagai Bahan Teks Ceramah Siswa SMA Kelas XI (Commission Speech Act in the Surah Al-Baqarah and It's Implementation as Speech Text Materials of Class XI High School Students)

JALABAHASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Dwi Kurniasih ◽  
Elita Ulfiana
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
School Students ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Function

Sebagai kalamullah Al-Qur‘an memiliki pengertian yang tak terbatas. Pemahaman tersebut dapat ditelisik melalui banyak disiplin ilmu serta banyak fenomena yang ditemukan di masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk serta fungsi tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah dan implementasinya sebagai bahan pembuatan teks ceramah SMA kelas XI. Metode yangdigunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan pragmatik. Data penelitian diperoleh dari Surah Al-Baqarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah yang meliputi tindak tutur komisif berniat, menjamin, menawarkan, dan berikrar/berjanji yang memiliki fungsinya masing-masing. Selain itu, tindak tutur komisif pada Surah Al-Baqarah dapat diimplementasikan di dunia pendidikan dengan menggunakannya sebagai bahan pembuatan teks ceramah siswa SMA kelas XI.As kalamullah the Qur'an has unlimited understanding. This understanding can be examined through various scientific disciplines as well as a number of events that develop in the social context of society. The purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of commissive speech acts in the Surah Al-Baqarah and its implementation as material for making class XI high school speech texts. The method used is descriptive qualitative with pragmatic approach. The research data was obtained from the Surah Al-Baqarah. The results of this study are commissive speech acts in the Surah Al-Baqarah which include, commissive speech acts threatening, intending, guaranteeing, offering, and vowing / promising that have their respective functions. In addition, commissive speech acts found in Surah Al-Baqarah can be implemented in the world of education by using them as material for making speech texts for grade XI high school students.

scholarly journals Deconstructing variation in pragmatic function: A transdisciplinary case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Wiltschko ◽  
Derek Denis ◽  
Alexandra D'Arcy
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Syntactic Context

AbstractDespite recent advances (e.g. Cheshire 2007; Pichler 2010; Denis 2015), discourse-pragmatic variables continue to challenge variationist theory and methods. An overarching dilemma concerns multifunctionality, raising difficulties for semantic equivalency and the circumscription of the variable context. In this article we present a case study to illustrate that deconstructing a discourse-pragmatic marker into its composite parts reveals clear criteria for disambiguating its principal function and its contextually derived functions. The discussion centres on the pragmatic marker eh in Canadian English. We illustrate that its multifunctionality is derivable from four parts: principal function, syntactic context, prosodic context, and discourse context. Our deconstruction uses a two-pronged methodology, drawing on storyboard elicitation and sociolinguistic interview data, which mutually reinforce our theoretical arguments. Under this transdisciplinary lens, the exponents of form and function become predictable, constrainable, and systematically derivable for probabilistic modelling within and across speech communities. (Confirmationals, multifunctionality, pragmatic markers, eh, speech acts)*

scholarly journals Argumentation in Training Courses – Form and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Gabriela Chefneux
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Opening Stage ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe paper starts from the assumption that argumentation is a basic feature of everyday interaction; interlocutors resort to it to minimize disagreement, to resolve disputes, or to align the audience to the speakers’ point of view. In order to achieve this, speakers continually adjust themselves to their audience’s reaction, who play a major part in the process. The paper aims to analyse the arguments used during the opening stage of a training course for life insurance agents, arguments brought by the manager of the company providing the course. It considers their uses, structure, and linguistic realization. In terms of structure, the arguments are analysed in respect of their constituents – data, claim, qualifier, warrant, backing, and rebuttal (Toulmin (2003), while their linguistic realization is investigated at various levels – words, sentences, speech acts, and figures of speech. Using the data recorded during the training course, it selects the arguments that are considered more relevant with a view to identifying their function, structure, and lexical realization.

scholarly journals Speech act in Indonesian language teaching: an ethnography communication study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Dewa Ayu Widiasri ◽  
Made Budiarsa ◽  
I Nengah Sudipa ◽  
Made Sri Satyawati
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Communication Study

The purpose of this study is to identify the verbal form and function of students' speech acts in the classroom, using the ethnographic approach Hymes communication in order to express the way they interact in class. Data was gained from the speech acts of students and teachers during the learning process. Furthermore, this study applied a qualitative descriptive approach. From the results of the study, it is found that the verbal form and function of directive speech acts in classroom were questioning, commanding, and advising.

Three dimensional structure and fluid flow through the hydrospires of the blastoid echinoderm, Pentremites rusticus

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Schmidtling ◽  
Charles R. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
And Function

The fluid flow through the complex hydrospires of the spiraculate blastoid Pentremites rusticus was analyzed using the first high-resolution three-dimensional digital image (and animation) of the hydrospires taken from a serially sectioned specimen. Measurements of the cross-sectional areas within the hydrospires, in conjunction with the Principle of Continuity, were used to infer the relative water velocity throughout the structures. Even though the calyx narrows adorally, the hydrospires expand in size, keeping pace with the increasing volume of water that entered through the hydrospire pores. Thus, the water maintained a relatively constant velocity within the hydrospire canals, 3.4 to 4.5 times the incurrent velocity. The spiracular openings are sufficiently large that no substantial increase in the exit velocity of the seawater would have been achieved unless the spiracular cover plates were used to reduce the size of the spiracular openings, which we infer was probably the case. The three-dimensional images underscore the fact that the two hydrospires that lie under each ambulacrum do not share the same spiracle and are not connected. Thus, we here redefine the term “hydrospire set” to refer to the pair of hydrospires that are connected. A number of anomalous accessory pores and canals were identified in the digital images. This initial study is based on a single specimen, and thus we were unable to determine the full range of variation present in Pentremites rusticus. Nonetheless, the digital image and the application of the Principle of Continuity offer new insights into the form and function of these remarkable respiratory structures.

scholarly journals الأفعال الكلامية الإنجازية في حوار فيلم "قيامة أرطغرل" الحلقة الأولى

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Syamsi Setiadi ◽  
Muhammad Kamal ◽  
Annisa Ayu Rahmah
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Expressive Speech ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Classification Table ◽  
Clear Description

This study aims to obtain a clear description of the form and function of illocutionary speech acts in the dialogue of the film "Qiyamatu Ertugrul"  episode 1. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The research instrument is the researcher herself is assisted by a classification table which contains the types of illocutionary speech acts and their fusions.  Thus the researcher got the results that illocutionary speech acts in the dialogue of the film "Qiyamatu Ertugrul" episode 1, are as follows: 19 assertive speech acts with a percentage of 21% consisting of a statement function of 16 utterances and 3 explanations of 3 speeches. Commissive speech acts were 8 utterances with a percentage of 8% consisting of the promise function of 6 utterances and threats of 2 utterances. The directive speech acts were 47 speeches with a percentage of 53% consisting of the function of forcing 1 speech, giving advice as much as 1 speech, forcing 2 speeches, praying for 2 speeches, asking for 3 speeches, offering as many as 3 speeches, begging as much as 5 utterances, and ordered as many as 30 speeches. Expressive speech acts were 15 utterances with a percentage of 17% consisting of praising 6 utterances, thanking 5 utterances and congratulating 4 utterances. There are also declarative speech acts that are not found in the dialogue of this film.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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