Reproductive Guilds of Fishes: A Proposal and Definition

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Balon
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Reproductive Guilds ◽  
And Function

The emergence of efficient ecosystem modelling is severely hampered by the need for an ecological classification of fishes. An earlier concept of ecological groups is here expanded to cover all living fishes. This ecological classification is based mainly on form and function in early developmental intervals, on preferred spawning grounds, and on features of reproductive behavior. Within the adaptations for reproduction and embryonic development two factors prevail — predators and the oxygen regime; consequently, spawning behavior and spawning grounds determine ensuing respiratory conditions and available protection from predators. The remaining factors are more or less associated with those two. From the point of view of resource exploitation, factors other than feeding habits governing density, biomass, and production are more important. In this sense reproductive guilds are more meaningful than feeding strategies, to which one usage of "guild" was limited.Thirty-two guilds putatively encompass all the 30,000 living fish taxa (or about 20,000 species) and form an ecological classification unrelated to the Linnean classification. The guilds retain phyletic significance in respect to reproductive systems and form a basis for the construction of models on natural and cultural succession. Number of guilds and frequency of taxa within guilds in a given area reflect geochronological sequences and invasion abilities of members of different guilds.

THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: SICKLE CELL DISEASE CRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635
Author(s):  
Howard A. Pearson ◽  
Louis K. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Heterozygous Form ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

This brief review, being limited in scope to the recognition and management of the life-threatening and painful crises in infants and children with sickle-cell disease, has not even touched on the intriguing mystery of the molecular basis for the sickling phenomenon–how one amino-acid substitution (gene controlled) in the beta chain sequence of 146 amino acids can cause such serious disruption in form and function; or how this mutation occurred in the first place and why it has persisted in contrast to the rapid disappearance of many other deleterious mutants. Nor has there been even mention of the many milder symptoms, signs, and complications due to the presence of Hb. S., either in the homozygous (disease-producing) state or heterozygous form when found in combination with other hereditary hemoglobin defects. The accumulated knowledge about this mutant gene, its biochemical effects, and geographic distribution is enormous. From a fundamental scientific standpoint, sickle cell disease is one of the best understood of human afflictions. However, from a practical point of view treatment of the patient himself is often only symptomatic and palliative. Nevertheless, prompt and effective therapy of the myriad manifestations of sickle cell disease can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality. The pediatrician who cares for black children in his practice should be familiar with the cardinal diagnostic and clinical aspects of sickle cell disease and its crises.

scholarly journals Maintaining and Improving the Environmental Cleanliness in Semarang Municipality in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Oktiva Herry Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Similar Point ◽  
The Face ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
Participatory Observation

Language produced in a specific event of communication will have its form and function. Some messages are delivered in direct ways meaning the form and the functions are symmetric; some others are delivered in indirect ways, asymmetric. Direct or indirect ways will give different perceptions to those who receive the content of the message. Considering the face of receivers is one of the principles that should be made by policy makers as they communicate with people in public space. This article aims to explain the forms of language used to prohibit littering and the way the maker of prohibition thinks about the writing of littering. The research is conducted by using non-participatory observation method. This, then, is followed by applying note taking technique and recording. The result shows mostly the writings of littering prohibition are made an indirect way and less number in indirect way. Having a direct way means society is placed as subordinate in relation to the authorities. Even though less in number, indirect littering prohibition shows some writings see an equal position between the writer and reader. Both take a similar point of view on littering.

Narrated perception revisited: The case of Jane Austen’sEmma

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pallarés-García
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Narrative Technique ◽  
Free Indirect Discourse ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Indirect Discourse ◽  
Objective Fact ◽  
And Function

Jane Austen’s Emma (1816) is generally considered an ambiguous and unreliable narrative in terms of point of view (Morini, 2009: 53–57; Wallace, 1995: 77–97). These qualities are often attributed to the extensive use of free indirect discourse (Finch and Bowen, 1990: 5–6; Mezei, 1996: 72–75). This article aims to demonstrate that another narrative technique is also responsible for the ambiguity and unreliability of the novel. ‘Narrated perception’ (NP) portrays the sensory perceptions of a fictional character by describing events as they are experienced by that character (Fludernik, 1993: 305–309). NP has been pointed out by some critics to be a distinct narrative technique, but in general perception is included within the broader category of free indirect discourse (FID), and occasionally as an aspect of free indirect thought (FIT). This article suggests that there are some subtle differences between NP and FID/FIT, and thus it can be beneficial to examine NP separately. In fact, NP is frequently similar to pure narration in terms of form and function. As a case study, this article presents a stylistic analysis of a number of passages containing NP in Emma which do not typically feature in studies of FID/FIT. The analysis provides textual evidence of (1) the presence of Emma’s sensory perceptions within what looks like narration, (2) the close connection between perception, thought and emotion, and (3) the difficulty of distinguishing between perception and narration in some cases, which suggests the potential of NP to mislead the reader by presenting as a seemingly objective fact what later on turns out to be Emma’s mistaken assessment.

scholarly journals A new archaic baleen whale Toipahautea waitaki (early Late Oligocene, New Zealand) and the origins of crown Mysticeti

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 172453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hsiu Tsai ◽  
R. Ewan Fordyce
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Baleen Whale ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
And Function

A new genus and species of extinct baleen whale † Toipahautea waitaki (Late Oligocene, New Zealand) is based on a skull and associated bones, from the lower Kokoamu Greensand, about 27.5 Ma (local upper Whaingaroan Stage, early Chattian). The upper jaw includes a thin, elongate and apparently toothless maxilla, with evidence of arterial supply for baleen. Open sutures with the premaxilla suggest a flexible (kinetic) upper jaw. The blowhole is well forward. The mandible is bowed laterally and slightly dorsally; unlike the Eomysticetidae, there are no mandibular alveoli, and the coronoid process is tapered and curved laterally. Jaw structure is consistent with baleen-assisted gulp-feeding. The age of early Chattian makes † Toipahautea a very early, if not the oldest named, toothless and baleen-bearing mysticete, suggesting that the full transition from toothed to baleen-bearing probably occurred in the Early Oligocene. Late Oligocene mysticetes vary considerably in jaw form and kinesis, tooth form and function, and development of baleen, implying a wide range of raptorial, suctorial and filter-feeding behaviour. More study may elucidate the function of jaws, teeth and baleen in terms of opportunist/generalist feeding, as in modern gray whales, versus specialized feeding. We here propose that early mysticetes, when transitioned from toothed to baleen-bearing, were generalists and opportunists instead of specializing in any forms of feeding strategies. In addition, two different phylogenetic analyses placed † Toipahautea either in a polytomy including crown Mysticeti, or immediately basal to the crown, and above †Eomysticetidae in both cases. Because the † Toipahautea waitaki holotype is an immature individual, it may plot more basally in phylogeny than its true position.

scholarly journals English as a We-Code: form and Function of English in Facebook Status Updates of Non-Native Female and Male Users

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-252
Author(s):  
Marta Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
English Language ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gender Preferences ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
And Function

The English language has featured markedly as a popular language of computer-mediated communication, and notably of Facebook posts, written not only by native or second language speakers, but also users of English as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency, form and function of English language Facebook profile updates of 110 (55 women and 55 men) users of English representing 41 European, Asian, African and Latin American countries belonging to the Expanding Circle. Approached from the point of view of the code choice as well as the users’ gender, and supported by an online survey data, the study analyses in detail the form of the updates in connection with gender preferences and identifies language contexts and functions users choose to express themselves in English as opposed to their native tongue, thereby demonstrating the role of English as a we-code in a social networking service.

Criteria and Realization of Excellent Designs of Steel Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 690-697
Author(s):  
Zu Yan Shen ◽  
Ye Hua Wang ◽  
Yuan Qi Li
Keyword(s):  
Steel Structures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Construction Engineering ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Engineering Cost ◽  
Current Engineering ◽  
Common Character

Some representative steel structural buildings at home and abroad were discussed from the point of view of architectural form and function, structural system and construction, engineering cost and environmental protection et al. Then the common character of excellent designs and the deficiency of some controversial designs were separately summarized. The essential of steel structural buildings was generalized. Furthermore the criteria of excellent design in the current engineering construction were proposed and expounded from three aspects. At last how to produce excellent designs was explored.

scholarly journals Argumentation in Training Courses – Form and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Gabriela Chefneux
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Opening Stage ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe paper starts from the assumption that argumentation is a basic feature of everyday interaction; interlocutors resort to it to minimize disagreement, to resolve disputes, or to align the audience to the speakers’ point of view. In order to achieve this, speakers continually adjust themselves to their audience’s reaction, who play a major part in the process. The paper aims to analyse the arguments used during the opening stage of a training course for life insurance agents, arguments brought by the manager of the company providing the course. It considers their uses, structure, and linguistic realization. In terms of structure, the arguments are analysed in respect of their constituents – data, claim, qualifier, warrant, backing, and rebuttal (Toulmin (2003), while their linguistic realization is investigated at various levels – words, sentences, speech acts, and figures of speech. Using the data recorded during the training course, it selects the arguments that are considered more relevant with a view to identifying their function, structure, and lexical realization.

scholarly journals The “intestines of the soil”: the taxonomic and functional diversity of earthworms – a review for young ecologists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Eisenhauer ◽  
Elina Eisenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Know How ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Earthworms are some of the most important and popular soil organisms. Their essential roles in ecosystems have not only been recognized by Aristotle, Charles Darwin, and many active scientists around the globe, but also by land managers, farmers, and gardeners. However, many people do not know how diverse earthworms are in terms of their form and function. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the taxonomic, morphological, physiological, reproductive, and functional diversity of earthworms, their action as so-called “ecosystem engineers”, and their many interactions with other organisms below and above the ground. The ~7,000 described species range from a few cm to a length of up to 3 m and are categorized into three major ecological groups that reflect their life style. Taken together, this overview will help appreciate the surprisingly high diversity of a supposedly well-known soil animal group.

scholarly journals Symmetry and Aesthetics in Dentistry

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1741
Author(s):  
Christoph Runte ◽  
Dieter Dirksen
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Animal bodies in general and faces in particular show mirror symmetry with respect to the median-sagittal plane, with exceptions rarely occurring. Bilateral symmetry to the median sagittal plane of the body also evolved very early. From an evolutionary point of view, it should therefore have fundamental advantages, e.g., more effective locomotion and chewing abilities. On the other hand, the recognition of bilaterally symmetric patterns is an important module in our visual perception. In particular, the recognition of faces with different spatial orientations and their identification is strongly related to the recognition of bilateral symmetry. Maxillofacial surgery and Dentistry affect effective masticatory function and perceived symmetry of the lower third of the face. Both disciplines have the ability to eliminate or mitigate asymmetries with respect to form and function. In our review, we will demonstrate symmetric structures from single teeth to the whole face. We will further describe different approaches to quantify cranial, facial and dental asymmetries by using either landmarks or 3D surface models. Severe facial asymmetries are usually caused by malformations such as hemifacial hyperplasia, injury or other diseases such as Noma or head and neck cancer. This could be an important sociobiological reason for a correlation between asymmetry and perceived disfigurement. The aim of our review is to show how facial symmetry and attractiveness are related and in what way dental and facial structures and the symmetry of their shape and color influence aesthetic perception. We will further demonstrate how modern technology can be used to improve symmetry in facial prostheses and maxillofacial surgery.

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