scholarly journals Top-down and Bottom-up Urban and Regional Planning: Towards a Framework for the Use of Planning Standards

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Pissourios
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Urban And Regional Planning ◽  
The Third ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ways that the top-down and the bottom-up approaches to planning can be combined in the practice of planning standards. In the first part, the paper examines the utilization of planning standards through time, while in the second part it aims to unravel the relationship between the use of planning standards and the top-down as well as the bottom-up planning approach. In the third part, the paper focuses on the limitations of bottom-up approaches, in order to demonstrate that they can only be used in a certain planning scale, leaving all other scales to top-down approaches. Last but not least, the paper proposes a framework for the use of planning standards in a combined top-down and bottom-up planning approach.

Dall'urbanistica al governo del territorio: i nuovi orientamenti della pianificazione e delle politiche urbane

ARGOMENTI ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 131-163
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ranzato
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Urban And Regional Planning ◽  
The Third ◽  
Governance Processes ◽  
The Relationship

- This article aims to explain the implicit complexity of planning, a notion which has been recently defined in Italy by the expression "governo del territorio". It is divided into three parts. The first describes the evolution of planning in Europe throughout a century of history: from the modernist urbanism to the comprehensive planning, from the decision making evolution up to the recent forms of governance. The second sums up the latest fifty years of planning in Italy, which is undergoing today a complex and innovatory change. The third examines some keywords relating to cities and metropolitan areas. They refer to the recent notion of "governo del territorio", which calls for a redefinition of the relationship between the technical-instrumental dimension of urbanism (design oriented and based on new structural and operational plans) and the socio-political dimension of planning, responsible for the coordination of new urban policies and governance processes.Keywords: Urbanism, Town planning, Urban and regional planning, Urban governance Parole chiave: Urbanistica, Pianificazione territoriale, Governo del territorio.

scholarly journals Making a House a Home: Motivations for Earthquake Strengthening   Domestic Homes in Dunedin, an Argument Towards Domestic Heritage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Imogen Stockwell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Southern City ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Following the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes, earthquake strengthening is one of the biggest issues facing heritage buildings in New Zealand. This process is mainly affecting commercial and public buildings; residential buildings are generally exempt from earthquake-prone building policies. However, some homeowners are choosing to do what is often perceived to be an expensive and time-consuming process. This research explores whether there is a heritage relationship between the homeowner and their house that motivates conservation work, such as earthquake strengthening. The central question for this research is: “What makes a heritage house a home? Is “home” a motivation for owners to earthquake strengthen their building? a case study of Dunedin”.  The relationship between homeowners and the heritage of their homes and domestic conservations practices has been underexamined in heritage studies in New Zealand. The current dissertation addresses this problem and contributes to the literature of Museum and Heritage Studies. The theoretical framework employed in this research draws on the field of Critical Heritage Studies in order to explore the relationship between ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up heritage’, the notion of ‘peoples-based’ heritage, the value of intangible heritage and a cycle of care. This research utilised qualitative research methods, involving the interviewing three heritage homeowners and two heritage professionals. These provided detailed findings about homeowners’ perceptions of their houses and the interaction between heritage practitioners and homeowners. The southern city of Dunedin was the case study which framed this research, because it has a rich collection of heritage buildings and a council which has been proactive in encouraging earthquake strengthening.  It was found that the heritage homeowner’s relationship with their home played a role in conservation how decisions are undertaken and that there is a lack of outreach from heritage authorities to heritage homeowners. This research provides information about the nature of the interaction between top-down and bottom-up heritage, and how this relationship can lead to positive heritage outcomes. Recommendations include developing open channels of communication between officials and homeowners, increased acknowledgement of the homeowner’s role in the conservation practice, and the establishment of a concept of Domestic Heritage to assist within the development of a cycle of care by heritage homeowners.</p>

scholarly journals O ensino do Planejamento Urbano e Regional: propostas à ANPUR

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ana Clara Torres Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Urban And Regional Planning ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Learning Expectations ◽  
The Relationship

O texto visa reconhecer desafios da formação na área do planejamento urbano e regional, associados à sua história acadêmica e às dificuldades experimentadas na atualização de seus fundamentos disciplinares e técnicos. Neste sentido, registra impactos na área com origem em mudanças na ação do Estado, na configuração de sujeitos sociais, na relação entre técnica e ciência, no mercado de trabalho e na teoria do espaço. Visando estimular a reflexão específica do ensino, o texto propõe o exame destes impactos a partir dos seguintes ângulos: práticas didáticas; experiência da interdisciplinaridade; expectativas da formação; renovação dos fundamentos da área e condições institucionais da docência. Por fim, são feitas sugestões à Anpur, com o objetivo de favorecer o debate, entre as instituições filiadas, da transmissão do conhecimento, assim como da formação de novos pesquisadores.Palavras-chave: ensino; espaço; planejamento; interdisciplinaridade; didática. Abstract: This work recognizes the challenge of teaching urban and regional planning, associated with its academic history and the difficulties related to the update of disciplinary and technical fundamentals. With this goal in mind, this work describes impacts observed in this field that were triggered by changes in State actions, in the configuration of social subjects, in the relationship between technique and science, in the work market and in the theory of space. To stimulate further thoughts on the specific task of teaching urban and regional planning, these impacts are analyzed from the following perspectives: didactic practice, interdisciplinary experience, learning expectations, renovation of the field fundamentals, and institutional facilities for teaching. At last, some suggestions are proposed to Anpur hoping to stimulate a debate on the transmission of knowledge as well as the training of new urban planning researchers. Keywords: teaching; space; planning; interdisciplinarity; didactic. 

The role of the third sector working with the hard and soft structures of public–private partnerships to promote individual health and reinvigorated, healthier communities

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-318
Author(s):  
Tony Chasteauneuf ◽  
Tony Thornton ◽  
Dean Pallant
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
The Third Sector

This chapter discusses the role of the third sector working with the hard and soft structures of public–private partnerships to promote healthier individuals and communities. It considers how a recommitment to the 'local authority' of citizens and beneficiaries offers the possibility of revitalised and healthier individuals and reinvigorated and healthier communities, which are unachievable through the hard and soft structures of the commissioner/provider statutory approach. The chapter then identifies the pivotal dynamic of one-to-one relationships in these processes and their association with health outcomes (emotional, physical, and spiritual) alongside the opportunities and challenges in agencies engaging/re-engaging with the agency of citizens and beneficiaries. It explores the tension between the 'agency' of citizens and beneficiaries that constitutes bottom-up power and 'agencies' with top-down power. The chapter also looks at the benefits of embracing the expertise and investment of individuals and their communities in their personal and shared lives, how this can be supported and how it can be undermined.

Changing the Rules of the Game to Build the European Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-91
Author(s):  
Jason Beckfield
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Social Fund ◽  
Social Fund ◽  
Rules Of The Game

This chapter describes the development of the European political economy since the 1957 Rome treaty. It uses econometric and historical case evidence to build the argument that European integration has advanced both from the top down and from the bottom up. The first part presents several measures of European integration to address the question of how we know integration when we see it. The second part describes two mechanisms of integration: redistribution from the top down via the European Social Fund, and integration from the bottom up through the formation of the Euro-Regions. The third part describes the development of a convergent European economy, where macroeconomic differences have been reduced through European integration, especially before the 1980s, and especially if economies are weighted by their populations.

Wired for Warmth

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Alan E. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Moral Consciousness ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Real ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
The Relationship

An aspect of the relationship between philosophy and computer engineering is considered, with particular emphasis upon the design of artificial moral agents. Top-down vs. bottom-up approaches to ethical behavior are discussed, followed by an overview of some of the ways in which traditional ethics has informed robotics. Two macro-trends are then identified, one involving the evolution of moral consciousness in man and machine, the other involving the fading away of the boundary between the real and the virtual.

8. Europeanization

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja A. Börzel ◽  
Diana Panke
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Important Field ◽  
The Eu

The first section of the chapter explains what Europeanization means and outlines the main approaches to studying this phenomenon. The second section describes why this concept has become so prominent in research on the European Union (EU) and its member states. In the third section, the chapter reviews the state of the art with particular reference to how the EU affects states (‘top-down’ Europeanization). It illustrates the theoretical arguments with empirical examples. Similarly, the fourth section examines how states can influence the EU (‘bottom-up’ Europeanization) and provides some theoretical explanations for the empirical patterns observed. This is followed by a section that presents an overview of research that looks at linkages between bottom-up and top-down Europeanization, and considers the future of Europeanization research with regard to EU’s recent and current crises and challenges. The conclusion argues that Europeanization, despite the crises the EU has been facing, will remain an important field of EU research for the foreseeable future.

“Top-Down” or “Bottom-Up”

1998 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Francisco Flores
Keyword(s):  
Physical Theory ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Principle Theory

Wesley Salmon has suggested that the two leading views of scientific explanation, the “bottom-up” view and the “top-down” view, describe distinct types of explanation. In this paper, I focus on theoretical explanations in physics, i.e., explanations of physical laws. Using explanations of E=mc2, I argue that the distinction between bottom-up explanations (BUEs) and top-down explanations (BUEs) is best understood as a manifestation of a deeper distinction, found originally in Newton’s work, between two levels of theory. I use Einstein’s distinction between ‘principle’ and ‘constructive’ theories to argue that only lower level theories, i.e., ‘constructive’ theories, can yield BUEs. These explanations, furthermore, depend on higher level laws that receive only TDEs from a ‘principle’ theory. Thus, I conclude that Salmon’s challenge to characterize the relationship between the two types of explanation can be met only by recognizing the close relationship between types of theoretical explanation and the structure of physical theory.

scholarly journals Vision and Touch: Multiple or Multisensory Representations of Objects?

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5850 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lacey ◽  
Christine Campbell ◽  
K Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Multisensory Representation ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between visually and haptically derived representations of objects is an important question in multisensory processing and, increasingly, in mental representation. We review evidence for the format and properties of these representations, and address possible theoretical models. We explore the relevance of visual imagery processes and highlight areas for further research, including the neglected question of asymmetric performance in the visuo – haptic cross-modal memory paradigm. We conclude that the weight of evidence suggests the existence of a multisensory representation, spatial in format, and flexibly accessible by both bottom — up and top — down inputs, although efficient comparison between modality-specific representations cannot entirely be ruled out.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Human Well-Being and Carbon Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Qin Li ◽  
Hongmin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship

Governments around the world are actively exploring strategies to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. In addition to technological progress, promoting a transformation of residents’ behaviors to a low carbon mode is also a solution. Many people are concerned about how to reduce carbon emissions while ensuring human well-being. Starting from the comparative analysis of two main theories of human well-being, this paper sorted out existing well-being measurement methods from the perspectives of “top-down” and “bottom-up” and further sorted out research on the relationship between human well-being and energy carbon emissions. While “top-down” research is conducive to the layout of macro policies, “bottom-up” research can better help to promote the transformation of society to a low carbon life by estimating the energy consumption and carbon emissions contained in human needs. Current research discusses human well-being, human needs, energy use and carbon emissions, respectively, but they are not systematically integrated. Furthermore, this paper proposes a framework combining these aspects to analyze the relationship between human well-being and carbon emissions. In addition, this paper suggests future research directions.

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