scholarly journals Bacterial wetwood of silver birch (Betula pendula roth): symptomology, etiology and pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Anatoliy F. Goychuk ◽  
Valentin F. Drozda ◽  
Marina V. Shvets ◽  
Ivanna Kulbanska
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Rhizopus Microsporus ◽  
Acremonium Strictum ◽  
Brachypodium Sylvaticum ◽  
Tree Distribution

AbstractThe article is focused on microbiological and silvicultural properties of bacterial wetwood of silver birch (Betula pendula), also known as European white birch. During the active phase of the disease, bacterial wetwood (i.e. bacterial dropsy, vascular parenchymatous bacteriosis or flux slime) is characterised by crust and periderm bloating, necrotic wet stains and abundance of exudate. The disease is more likely to occur in older (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) and less-dense (r = −0.29, p < 0.01) stands.The statistical model showed that the chance of bacterial wetwood increases with birch age by 0.36% per year. The stands with birch proportion of over 70% demonstrated 15.3% lower infection rate compared to the stands with lower birch presence. The stands with lower stocking demonstrated a higher proportion of infected tree distribution by 7.5% compared to the stands with higher birch representation. The most vulnerable were larger, older B. pendula trees with longitudinally fissured bark that grow on poorer soils and experience frequent water stress.Birch associations with Pteridium aquilinum and Vaccinium myrtillus were more susceptible to infection (31.6% and 44.3%, respectively), whereas associations with Brachypodium sylvaticum, Sphagnum palustre and Calluna vulgaris were at lower risk. Strong ecological and trophic association of bacterial wetwood was present between silver birch and Tremex spp., particularly Tremex fuscicornis. Mycobiota was represented by Rhizopus microsporus, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Acremonium strictum.Enterobacter, Xanthomonas, Pantoea and Bacillus spp. associated with bacterial wetwood of silver birch were isolated. Enterobacter nimipressuralis was found to be the primary causative agent through means of artificial infection, while other bacteria were found to be either weak pathogens or concomitant. E. nimipressuralis formed the largest number of colony-forming units (CFU) for bark and cambium (164 and 127 CFU, respectively) and was also found in a small amount as a vital obligate in the automicrobiota in healthy birch trees.

scholarly journals Towards Silviculture Guidelines to Produce Large-Sized Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Logs in Western Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Héloïse Dubois ◽  
Hugues Claessens ◽  
Gauthier Ligot
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Northeastern France

Forest health problems arising from climate change, pests and pathogens are a threat to the main timber tree species. As a result, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) has become a precious asset for meeting oncoming forestry challenges in western Europe. However, silviculture guidelines to produce high-value birch logs in this region are lacking. Producing large-sized birch trunks requires crown release, i.e., removing crown competitors around selected target trees. These interventions are currently seldom carried out or else too late when the growth potential of the trees has already diminished. This study set out to ascertain the diameter at breast height (dbh) that could be reached by crown-released birch, determine dbh-associated crown diameters, and further characterize the gain obtained from early crown release on birch dbh growth. We measured 704 birch trees that had undergone crown release in 38 naturally regenerated pure birch stands in southern Belgium and in northeastern France. We then evaluated the variation in stem and crown diameter, and analyzed increments in response to the earliness of the interventions in three subsamples, also compared with control target birch. We found that trees with a dbh of 50 cm could be grown within 60 years. Based on crown diameter, to produce 40, 50 and 60 cm dbh trunk, the distance required between target birch trees at the end of the rotation was around 8, 10 and 12 m. With no intervention and in ordinary dense birch regenerations, the dbh increment was found to decline once the stand reached age 4–7 years. Starting crown release in stands aged 4–5 years can double the dbh increment of target trees and provide a continual gain that may last up to 20 years. When birch crowns are released after 9–12 years, it may already be too late for them to recover their best growth rate. Our contribution should help complete emerging guidelines in support of birch silviculture development.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antioxidative Mechanisms In Vitro and Triterpenes Composition of Extracts from Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Black Birch (Betula obscura Kotula) Barks by FT-IR and HPLC-PDA

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4633
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ostapiuk ◽  
Łukasz Kurach ◽  
Maciej Strzemski ◽  
Jacek Kurzepa ◽  
Anna Hordyjewska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Active Substances

Silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, is one of the most common trees in Europe. Due to its content of many biologically active substances, it has long been used in medicine and cosmetics, unlike the rare black birch, Betula obscura Kotula. The aim of the study was therefore to compare the antioxidant properties of extracts from the inner and outer bark layers of both birch trees towards the L929 line treated with acetaldehyde. Based on the lactate dehydrogenase test and the MTT test, 10 and 25% concentrations of extracts were selected for the antioxidant evaluation. All extracts at tested concentrations reduced the production of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and 25% extract decreased malonic aldehyde formation in acetaldehyde-treated cells. The chemical composition of bark extracts was accessed by IR and HPLC-PDA methods and surprisingly, revealed a high content of betulin and lupeol in the inner bark extract of B. obscura. Furthermore, IR analysis revealed differences in the chemical composition of the outer bark between black and silver birch extracts, indicating that black birch may be a valuable source of numerous biologically active substances. Further experiments are required to evaluate their potential against neuroinflammation, cancer, viral infections, as well as their usefulness in cosmetology.

scholarly journals Genome- Wide Identification, Structure Characterization and Expression Pattern Profiling of the Aquaporin Gene Family in Betula pendula

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7269
Author(s):  
Jean-Stéphane Venisse ◽  
Eele Õunapuu-Pikas ◽  
Maxime Dupont ◽  
Aurélie Gousset-Dupont ◽  
Mouadh Saadaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Aquaporin water channels (AQPs) constitute a large family of transmembrane proteins present throughout all kingdoms of life. They play key roles in the flux of water and many solutes across the membranes. The AQP diversity, protein features, and biological functions of silver birch are still unknown. A genome analysis of Betula pendula identified 33 putative genes encoding full-length AQP sequences (BpeAQPs). They are grouped into five subfamilies, representing ten plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), eight tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), eight NOD26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), four X intrinsic proteins (XIPs), and three small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs). The BpeAQP gene structure is conserved within each subfamily, with exon numbers ranging from one to five. The predictions of the aromatic/arginine selectivity filter (ar/R), Froger’s positions, specificity-determining positions, and 2D and 3D biochemical properties indicate noticeable transport specificities to various non-aqueous substrates between members and/or subfamilies. Nevertheless, overall, the BpePIPs display mostly hydrophilic ar/R selective filter and lining-pore residues, whereas the BpeTIP, BpeNIP, BpeSIP, and BpeXIP subfamilies mostly contain hydrophobic permeation signatures. Transcriptional expression analyses indicate that 23 BpeAQP genes are transcribed, including five organ-related expressions. Surprisingly, no significant transcriptional expression is monitored in leaves in response to cold stress (6 °C), although interesting trends can be distinguished and will be discussed, notably in relation to the plasticity of this pioneer species, B. pendula. The current study presents the first detailed genome-wide analysis of the AQP gene family in a Betulaceae species, and our results lay a foundation for a better understanding of the specific functions of the BpeAQP genes in the responses of the silver birch trees to cold stress.

Does lignin modification affect feeding preference or growth performance of insect herbivores in transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula Roth)?

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 222 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Tiimonen ◽  
Tuija Aronen ◽  
Tapio Laakso ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Vincent Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Lignin Modification

Phytoremediation of zinc contaminated soils using silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth)

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Dmuchowski ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Paulina Brągoszewska ◽  
Aneta Helena Baczewska ◽  
Irena Suwara
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth

WITHIN-TREE DISTRIBUTIONS AND SEASONALITY OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE BRONZE BIRCH BORER, AGRILUS ANXIUS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia R. Loerch ◽  
E. Alan Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Surface Mine ◽  
Triangular Patch ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Bronze Birch Borer ◽  
Tree Distributions

AbstractDistributions of immature stages of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), infesting young European white birch, Betula pendula Roth, were studied on a surface mine reforestation site in Pennsylvania. Eggs of A. anxius were common on boles of trees from mid-June through mid-August, in clusters of up to 14 eggs. Almost 70% of the eggs were in crevices in the dark triangular patch at branch origins. Larvae were present throughout the year. Fourth instars comprised 93.1% of the overwintering population.Vertical distributions of eggs, larvae, and pupae along the bole were random relative to available surface area. Consequently, each stage was more abundant on the lower half than on the upper half of trees. Eggs and first instars were concentrated on the northeast, or shaded, side of trees. Second and third instars were distributed randomly around the bole. Fourth instars overwintered and pupated primarily on the southwest aspect.

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