scholarly journals Severe pulmonary fascioloidosis in a wild Mouflon (Ovis musimon) - a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-399
Author(s):  
C. Stiles ◽  
M. Bujanić ◽  
F. Martinković ◽  
I.-C. Šoštarić Zuckermann ◽  
D. Konjević
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Cut Surface ◽  
Ovis Musimon

Summary A wild male mouflon (Ovis musimon) was shot due to the observed weakness. Necropsy revealed consolidated lungs and traces of black pigment and fibrin on the liver. On the cut surface, a juvenile fl uke was found in the lungs, while traces of destroyed fl ukes’ migratory channels were found in the liver. F. magna infection in both, wild and domestic ruminants, causes three types of species-specific host-parasite interactions; definitive, dead-end and aberrant. mouflon are classifi ed as aberrant hosts and here we report unsuccessful migration of a juvenile fl uke that led to a severe pneumonia.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Immune Defences Is Associated with Specific Host-Parasite Interactions in Insects

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. e7621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Riddell ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Paul Schmid-Hempel ◽  
Eamonn B. Mallon
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Immune Defences

scholarly journals One day is enough: rapid and specific host–parasite interactions in a stickleback-trematode system

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisep Rauch ◽  
Martin Kalbe ◽  
Thorsten B.H Reusch
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Red Queen models of host–parasite coevolution are based on genotype by genotype host–parasite interactions. Such interactions require a genotype specific host defence and, simultaneously, a genotype specific parasite infectivity. Specificity is defined here as defence or infection ability successful against only a subset of genotypes of the same species. A specific defence depends on detectable genotypic variation on the parasite side and on a host defence mechanism that differentiates between parasite genotypes. In vertebrates, the MHC-based adaptive immune system can provide such a defence mechanism, but it needs at least several days to get fully mounted. In contrast, the innate immune system is immediately ready. The trematode parasite species used here reaches the immunologically protected eye lens of its three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) host within 24 h. Thus, it disappears too fast for the fully mounted MHC-based adaptive immune system. In a complete cross-infection experiment using five fish-families and five parasite-clones, we found for the first time fish-family by parasite-clone interactions in vertebrates, although the parasite was only exposed to the immune system for maximally one day. Such interactions require a fast genotype specific defence, suggesting the importance of other defence mechanisms than the too slow, fully mounted adaptive immune system in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Genomic evidence for population-specific responses to coevolving parasites in a New Zealand freshwater snail

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bankers ◽  
Peter Fields ◽  
Kyle E. McElroy ◽  
Jeffrey L. Boore ◽  
John M. Logsdon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Genomic Basis

AbstractReciprocal coevolving interactions between hosts and parasites are a primary source of strong selection that can promote rapid and often population- or genotype-specific evolutionary change. These host-parasite interactions are also a major source of disease. Despite their importance, very little is known about the genomic basis of coevolving host-parasite interactions in natural populations, especially in animals. Here, we use gene expression and sequence evolution approaches to take critical steps towards characterizing the genomic basis of interactions between the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and its coevolving sterilizing trematode parasite, Microphallus sp., a textbook example of natural coevolution. We found that Microphallus-infected P. antipodarum exhibit systematic downregulation of genes relative to uninfected P. antipodarum. The specific genes involved in parasite response differ markedly across lakes, consistent with a scenario where population-level coevolution is leading to population-specific host-parasite interactions and evolutionary trajectories. We also used an FST-based approach to identify a set of loci that represent promising candidates for targets of parasite-mediated selection across lakes as well as within each lake population. These results constitute the first genomic evidence for population-specific responses to coevolving infection in the P. antipodarum-Microphallus interaction and provide new insights into the genomic basis of coevolutionary interactions in nature.

scholarly journals Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on development within the host

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. TINSLEY ◽  
J. E. YORK ◽  
L. C. STOTT ◽  
A. L. E. EVERARD ◽  
S. J. CHAPPLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe monogenean Protopolystoma xenopodis has been established in Wales for >40 years following introduction with Xenopus laevis from South Africa. This provides an experimental system for determining constraints affecting introduced species in novel environments. Parasite development post-infection was followed at 15, 20 and 25°C for 15 weeks and at 10°C for ⩾1 year and correlated with temperatures recorded in Wales. Development was slowed/arrested at ⩽10°C which reflects habitat conditions for >6 months/year. There was wide variation in growth at constant temperature (body size differing by >10 times) potentially attributable in part to genotype-specific host-parasite interactions. Parasite density had no effect on size but host sex did: worms in males were 1·8 times larger than in females. Minimum time to patency was 51 days at 25°C and 73 days at 20°C although some infections were still not patent at both temperatures by 105 days p.i. In Wales, fastest developing infections may mature within one summer (about 12 weeks), possibly accelerated by movements of hosts into warmer surface waters. Otherwise, development slows/stops in October–April, delaying patency to about 1 year p.i., while wide variation in developmental rates may impose delays of 2 years in some primary infections and even longer in secondary infections.

scholarly journals Host–parasite fluctuating selection in the absence of specificity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1866) ◽  
pp. 20171615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Ben Ashby ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Roger Bowers ◽  
Angus Buckling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fluctuating Selection ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Selection Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Feedbacks ◽  
Host Life ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

Fluctuating selection driven by coevolution between hosts and parasites is important for the generation of host and parasite diversity across space and time. Theory has focused primarily on infection genetics, with highly specific ‘matching-allele’ frameworks more likely to generate fluctuating selection dynamics (FSD) than ‘gene-for-gene’ (generalist–specialist) frameworks. However, the environment, ecological feedbacks and life-history characteristics may all play a role in determining when FSD occurs. Here, we develop eco-evolutionary models with explicit ecological dynamics to explore the ecological, epidemiological and host life-history drivers of FSD. Our key result is to demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that specificity between hosts and parasites is not required to generate FSD. Furthermore, highly specific host–parasite interactions produce unstable, less robust stochastic fluctuations in contrast to interactions that lack specificity altogether or those that vary from generalist to specialist, which produce predictable limit cycles. Given the ubiquity of ecological feedbacks and the variation in the nature of specificity in host–parasite interactions, our work emphasizes the underestimated potential for host–parasite coevolution to generate fluctuating selection.

scholarly journals Divergent co-transcriptomes of different host cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii reveal cell type-specific host-parasite interactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela J. Swierzy ◽  
Ulrike Händel ◽  
Alexander Kaever ◽  
Michael Jarek ◽  
Maren Scharfe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals New data on wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) a dead-end host for large American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna)

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
D. Konjević ◽  
M. Bujanić ◽  
V. Erman ◽  
A. Gudan Kurilj ◽  
T. Živičnjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Fascioloides Magna ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Host Parasite

Summary Fascioloidosis is a parasitic disease of primary wild and domestic ruminants, caused by a digenean trematode, Fascioloides magna. The final hosts of F. magna are divided according to the host-parasite interactions into definitive, dead end and aberrant. The clinical appearance, pathology, outcome of disease, and its importance in disease epidemiology vary with different host types. According to this division, wild boar (Sus scrofa) are characterized as a dead end host. In this paper we analysed 12 wild boar livers from Croatia. Eleven of them contained pigment traces, pseudocysts, degrading pseudocysts, fluke migratory channels, live and degrading flukes. F. magna eggs were found in pseudocysts, but no eggs were recovered from faeces. Concurrent infection with F. magna and Fasciola hepatica was detected in one liver. According to everything we observed, wild boar currently has no direct role in maintaining and spreading the disease.

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