scholarly journals Physiology of Basketball – Field Tests. Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
Roni Gottlieb ◽  
Asaf Shalom ◽  
Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Fitness Component ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Athletic Ability ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract The game of basketball is characterized by short and intense bouts of activity at medium to high frequency. Basketball entails specific types of movements, physiological requirements and energy sources. The duration of physiological responses involving ATP, CP and glycolysis responses to this type of activity is 5-6 seconds for a single sprint, and a contribution of the aerobic system is of less than 10%. Recovery periods in basketball, as a rule, are not long enough to fill the gap for such high intensity activities. It is hard to achieve the same level of performance consistently over time in repeated sprints. This means that basketball players need great athletic ability in order to demonstrate speed, strength and power required to produce a successful performance most proficiently. Therefore, tests are needed to help coaches to monitor their players and ensure that they have the physiological capacity required for the game. The aim of fitness tests is to assess the condition of athletes in terms of each fitness component, in order to determine what needs to be improved through the training program and to conduct retests at set times to assess whether their condition has changed. The literature offers a number of widely used tests to measure aerobic and anaerobic fitness. This article reviews the physiological demands of basketball and analyzes the field tests commonly used at present. The article emphasizes the need for a specific test that will serve coaches and physical fitness trainers in monitoring their players.

scholarly journals Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mancha-Triguero ◽  
Javier García-Rubio ◽  
Antonio Antúnez ◽  
Sergio J. Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
External Load ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried out in 149 players from different training categories (n = 103 male; n = 46 female). The athletes performed two field tests that evaluated both aerobic capacity and lactic anaerobic capacity. Each athlete was equipped with an inertial device during the tests. Sixteen variables (equal in both tests) were analyzed. Three of them evaluated technical-tactical aspects, four variables of objective internal load, six kinematic variables of objective external load (two related to distance and four related to accelerometry) and three neuromuscular variables of objective external load. The obtained results show significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the age and gender of the athletes. They are mainly due to factors related to the anthropometric maturation and development inherent in age and have an impact on the efficiency and technical and tactical requirements of the tests carried out and, therefore, on the obtained results in the tests.

A thousand words about running fitness tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kowalska ◽  
Marcin Fehlau ◽  
Maciej Cymerys ◽  
Przemysław Guzik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
6 Minute Walk Test ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Running is undertaken for different reasons, including improvement or maintenance of health and fitness. Many tests are employed for the estimation of the fitness in runners. In this review, we describe five field tests (Cooper test, Conconi test, 6-Minute Walk Test, 20-meter Multistage Fitness Test, and Harvard Step Test) and one laboratory cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill. A properly selected fitness test may help to estimate or measure the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2), thresholds for the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, or restitution after the exercise. Such information is used for planning the training process, monitoring the progress of physical fitness or predicting the target distance or speed during competitions. In patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, this information may help to plan the intensity of daily activity or physical rehabilitation. Testing physical fitness is challenging, however when made appropriately, it delivers valuable physiological and clinical information.

Review of physical fitness, physiological demands and performance characteristics of jockeys

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
K.A. Legg ◽  
D.J. Cochrane ◽  
E.K. Gee ◽  
C.W. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Work Done

This narrative review collates data from different equestrian disciplines, both amateur and professional, to describe the physiological demands, muscle activity and synchronicity of movement involved in jockeys riding in a race and to identify limitations within our current knowledge. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus using search terms related to jockeys, equestrian riders and their physiological demands, muscle use, movement dynamics and experience. Abstracts, theses and non-peer reviewed articles were excluded from the analysis. Jockeys work at close to their physiological capacity during a race. The quasi-isometric maintenance of the jockey position requires muscular strength and endurance, specifically from the legs and the core, both to maintain their position and adapt to the movement of the horse. Synchronous movement between horse and rider requires a coordinated activation pattern of the rider’s core muscles, resulting in less work done by the horse to carry the rider, possibly leading to a competitive advantage in race riding. Reports of chronic fatigue in jockeys demonstrate poor quantification of workload and recovery. The lack of quantitative workload metrics for jockeys’ limits calculation of a threshold required to reach race riding competency and development of sport-specific training programmes. Until the sport-specific demands of race riding are quantified, the development of evidence-based sport specific and potentially performance enhancing jockey strength and conditioning programmes cannot be realised.

scholarly journals Game Intensity Analysis of Elite Adolescent Ice Hockey Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Stanula ◽  
Robert Roczniok
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
National Team ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Uptake Test ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine ice-hockey players’ playing intensity based on their heart rates (HRs) recorded during a game and on the outcomes of an incremental maximum oxygen uptake test. Twenty ice-hockey players, members of the Polish junior national team (U18), performed an incremental test to assess their maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) in the two week’s period preceding 5 games they played at the World Championships. Players’ HRs at the first and second ventilatory thresholds obtained during the test were utilized to determine intensity zones (low, moderate, and high) that were subsequently used to classify HR values recorded during each of the games. For individual intensity zones, the following HRs expressed as mean values and as percentages of the maximal heart rate (HRmax) were obtained: forwards 148-158 b⋅min-1 (79.5-84.8% HRmax), 159-178 b⋅min-1 (85.4-95.6% HRmax), 179-186 b⋅min-1 (96.1-100.0% HRmax); defensemen 149-153 b⋅min-1 (80.0-82.1% HRmax), 154-175 b⋅min-1 (82.6- 94.0% HRmax), 176-186 b⋅min-1 (94.5-100.0% HRmax). The amount of time the forwards and defensemen spent in the three intensity zones expressed as percentages of the total time of the game were: 54.91 vs. 55.62% (low), 26.40 vs. 22.38% (moderate) and 18.68 vs. 22.00% (high). The forwards spent more time in the low intensity zone than the defensemen, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The results of the study indicate that using aerobic and anaerobic metabolism variables to determine intensity zones can significantly improve the reliability of evaluation of the physiological demands of the game, and can be a useful tool for coaches in managing the training process.

A Comparison of the Physiological Demands of Wheelchair Basketball and Wheelchair Tennis

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Croft ◽  
Suzanne Dybrus ◽  
John Lenton ◽  
Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheelchair Basketball ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Playing Time

Purpose:To examine the physiological profiles of wheelchair basketball and tennis and specifically to: (a) identify if there are differences in the physiological profiles of wheelchair basketball and tennis players of a similar playing standard, (b) to determine whether the competitive physiological demands of these sports differed (c) and to explore the relationship between the blood lactate [Bla−] response to exercise and to identify the sport specific heart rate (HR) training zones.Methods:Six elite athletes (4 male, 2 female) from each sport performed a submaximal and VO2 peak test in their sport specific wheelchair. Heart rate, VO2, and [Bla−] were measured. Heart rate was monitored during international competitions and VO2 was calculated from this using linear regression equations. Individual HR training zones were identified from the [Bla–] profile and time spent within these zones was calculated for each match.Results:Despite no differences in the laboratory assessment of HRpeak, the VO2peak was higher for the basketball players when compared with the tennis players (2.98 ± 0.91 vs 2.06 ± 0.71; P = .08). Average match HR (163 ± 11 vs 146 ± 16 beats-min–1; P = .06) and average VO2 (2.26 ± 0.06 vs 1.36 ± 0.42 L-min-1; P = .02) were higher during actual playing time of basketball when compared with whole tennis play. Consequently, differences in the time spent in the different training zones within and between the two sports existed (P < .05).Conclusions:Wheelchair basketball requires predominately high-intensity training, whereas tennis training requires training across the exercise intensity spectrum.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utku Alemdaroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sprint Ability

The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball PlayersThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength, anaerobic performance, sprinting ability, agility and vertical jump performance in first division basketball players. Twelve male first division basketball players participated in this study. The mean age was 25.1 ± 1.7 yrs; mean body height 194.8 ± 5.7 cm; mean body mass 92.3± 9.8 kg; mean PBF 10.1± 5.1; and mean VO2max50.55 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min. Quadriceps and hamstrings were measured at 60° and 180°/s, anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic power test, sprint ability was determined by single sprint performance (10-30 m), jump performance was evaluated by countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests and agility performance was measured using the T drill agility test. Quadriceps strength was significantly correlated with peak power at all contraction velocities. However, for mean power, significant correlation was only found between the 60° left and 180° right knee quadriceps measurements. No measure of strength was significantly related to the measurements from/results of field tests. Moreover, strong relations were found between the performance of athletes in different field tests (p< 0.05). The use of correlation analysis is the limitation of the this study.

Physiological Profiles of Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players in Preparation for the 2000 Paralympic Games

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Wheelchair Basketball ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Skinfold Measurements ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological changes in elite wheelchair basketball players leading up to the 2000 Paralympics. Twelve male players attended regular physiological assessments on six occasions; averaged data of two sessions for each year were used. Physiological measures included body mass, skinfold measurements, peak oxygen uptake and peak power obtained during maximal sprinting. VO2peak significantly increased from 2.65 to 2.83 L·min-1 prior to the Paralympics. Training had little influence on the anthropometric measurements or maximal sprinting data. In conclusion, the GB wheelchair basketball players appeared to have high levels of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The longitudinal physiological profiles leading to the 2000 Paralympics suggest that players improved their aerobic base while maintaining other fitness prerequisites.

scholarly journals High temporal and spatial variability of dissolved oxygen and pH in a nearshore California kelp forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3917-3930 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Frieder ◽  
S. H. Nam ◽  
T. R. Martz ◽  
L. A. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Kelp Forest ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Low Do

Abstract. Predicting consequences of ocean deoxygenation and ocean acidification for nearshore marine ecosystems requires baseline dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbonate chemistry data that are both high-frequency and high-quality. Such data allow accurate assessment of environmental variability and present-day organism exposure regimes. In this study, scales of DO and pH variability were characterized over one year in a nearshore kelp forest ecosystem in the Southern California Bight. DO and pH were strongly, positively correlated, revealing that organisms on this upwelling shelf are not only exposed to low pH but also to low DO. The dominant scale of temporal DO and pH variability occurred on semidiurnal, diurnal and event (days–weeks) time scales. Daily ranges in DO and pH at 7 m water depth (13 mab) could be as large as 220 μmol kg−1 and 0.36 units, respectively. Sources of pH and DO variation include photosynthesis within the kelp forest ecosystem, which can elevate DO and pH by up to 60 μmol kg−1 and 0.1 units over one week following the intrusion of high-density, nutrient-rich water. Accordingly, highly productive macrophyte-based ecosystems could serve as deoxygenation and acidification refugia by acting to elevate DO and pH relative to surrounding waters. DO and pH exhibited greater spatial variation over a 10 m increase in water depth (from 7 to 17 m) than along a 5 km stretch of shelf in a cross-shore or alongshore direction. Over a three-month time period, mean DO and pH at 17 m water depth were 168 μmol kg−1 and 7.87, respectively. These values represent a 35% decrease in mean DO and 37% increase in [H+] relative to near-surface waters. High-frequency variation was also reduced at depth. The mean daily range in DO and pH was 39% and 37% less, respectively, at 17 m water depth relative to 7 m. As a consequence, the exposure history of an organism is largely a function of its depth of occurrence within the kelp forest. With knowledge of local alkalinity conditions and high-frequency temperature, salinity, and pH data, we estimated pCO2 and calcium carbonate saturation states with respect to calcite and aragonite (Ωcalc and Ωarag) for the La Jolla kelp forest at 7 m and 17 m water depth. pCO2 ranged from 246 to 1016 μatm, Ωcalc was always supersaturated, and Ωarag was undersaturated at the beginning of March for five days when pH was less than 7.75 and DO was less than 115 μmol kg−1. These findings raise the possibility that the benthic communities along eastern boundary current systems are currently acclimatized and adapted to natural, variable, and low DO and pH. Still, future exposure of coastal California populations to even lower DO and pH may increase as upwelling intensifies and hypoxic boundaries shoal, compressing habitats and challenging the physiological capacity of intolerant species.

scholarly journals Srdcová frekvencia v odozve na herné zaťaženie v basketbale žien

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Tomáš Vencúrik
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Demands

The study compares intensity of game load among individual players’ positions and between first and second half. Ten female basketball players in senior category participated in this study. Four intensity zones were determined based on maximal heart rate (HRmax). Telemetric device Suunto Team Pack was used for monitoring the heart rate (HR) during the games. The mean HR during the games reached 88.1±3.9% of HRmax of total time. When we compared players’ positions in individual intensity zones we did not record statistical (p>0.05) nor practical significance and neither in % of HRmax (87.4±3.6 vs. 87.8±4.6 vs. 88.8±3.5; point guard vs. forward vs. center). Moreover, when we compared the 1st and the 2nd half in individual zones and in % of HRmax (87.7±4.1 vs. 88.5±3.7) we also did not record any statistical significance (p>0.05) and effect size coefficient shows small effect. Players spent 76.3% of total time with HR grater than 85% of HRmax. The results indicate high physiological demands on female basketball players during the games without taking into consideration the player’s position. This information can be useful for planning and managing training process as well as for comparison with training load. In similar future research we recommend to also evaluate the time-motion analysis besides the internal response and thus a more detailed look at the examined subject in question may be reached.

scholarly journals The value of performance diagnostcs in orienteering

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
The Future ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training ◽  
And Training

Endurance testing has a long tradition in the Swiss Orienteering Federation. It has become an important tool in monitoring effectiveness of training and in assessing endurance performance. The vast majority of athletes and coaches indicate that sport science is meaningful and endurance testing is of high informative value for them. Endurance testing is regularly done in the lab, but also field tests are carried out each year. They particularly empower and support athletes in their specific preparation for important competitions. Also in the future new competition formats can be prepared and training may be monitored by a new format of specific tests. In various endurance sports physiological demands may be similar. Therefore an improved exchange of knowledge, skills, and other insights between different sport federations about endurance testing is mostly desirable. In Switzerland this knowledge transfer should be further enhanced.

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