scholarly journals Visions of Future Warfare in Russian Military Publications

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Piotr Wawrzeniuk ◽  
Markus Balázs Göransson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
At Home

Abstract The article discusses visions of future warfare articulated in recent Russian military publications. There seems to be agreement among Russian scholars that future war will be triggered by Western attempts to promote Western political and economic interests while holding back Russia's resurgence as a global power. The future war with the West is viewed as inevitable in one form or another, whether it is subversion and local wars or large-scale conventional war. While the danger of conventional war has declined, according to several scholars, the West is understood to have a wide range of non-kinetic means at its disposal that threaten Russia. In order to withstand future dangers, Russia has to be able to meet a large number of kinetic and non-kinetic threats at home and abroad.

Intensive horticulture in Eastern Europe

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
R Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Power Station ◽  
The West ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Station Waste ◽  
Northern Russia ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

Eastern Europe, extending from northern Russia to Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, embraces a wide range of climates, all experiencing wider extremes of temperature and humidity than the maritime climates of the West. Noteworthy technological features of horticultural production include the development of walk-in plastic tunnels supported on tubular metal frames, the use of power station waste water for greenhouse heating, and the large-scale use of peat as a substrate in place of soil.

scholarly journals Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 3961-3989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. M. Pugh ◽  
Tim Rademacher ◽  
Sarah L. Shafer ◽  
Jörg Steinkamp ◽  
Jonathan Barichivich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Carbon Turnover ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Total Turnover

Abstract. The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one of the largest uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In the absence of large-scale observations, models used for global assessments tend to fall back on simplified assumptions of the turnover rates of biomass and soil carbon pools. In this study, the biomass carbon turnover times calculated by an ensemble of contemporary terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are analysed to assess their current capability to accurately estimate biomass carbon turnover times in forests and how these times are anticipated to change in the future. Modelled baseline 1985–2014 global average forest biomass turnover times vary from 12.2 to 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences in phenological processes, which control allocation to, and turnover rate of, leaves and fine roots, are as important as tree mortality with regard to explaining the variation in total turnover among TBMs. The different governing mechanisms exhibited by each TBM result in a wide range of plausible turnover time projections for the end of the century. Based on these simulations, it is not possible to draw robust conclusions regarding likely future changes in turnover time, and thus biomass change, for different regions. Both spatial and temporal uncertainty in turnover time are strongly linked to model assumptions concerning plant functional type distributions and their controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses of controls on turnover time are identified, along with recommendations for pragmatic steps to test them using existing and novel observations. Efforts to resolve uncertainty in turnover time, and thus its impacts on the future evolution of biomass carbon stocks across the world's forests, will need to address both mortality and establishment components of forest demography, as well as allocation of carbon to woody versus non-woody biomass growth.

scholarly journals Populationsutveckling hos svarthakad buskskvätta Saxicola rubicola under expansionens inledningsskede i Västsverige

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reino Andersson
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The West ◽  
Coastal Heath ◽  
The Future ◽  
Bird Fauna ◽  
Good For ◽  
One Year

With its 25 confirmed breeding records between 2000 and 2015, the European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola is historically a rare bird in Sweden. The first breeding in the West Coast was found in 2014. Censuses performed in 2017 and 2018 revealed 28 and 30 breedings respectively. Out of 83 investigated territories, most were found in coastal heath-lands in Halland. The arrival occurred in the turn of the month March–April and the majority of the males consisted of one year old birds (2Y). Fledgling date for 68 clutches were distributed from May to August. Second clutches were observed for ten out of 32 investigated breedings. The Swedish expansion should be seen in the context of Danish immigration in combination with a large-scale advance via the German Schleswig-Holstein area. The European Stonechat belongs to those advancing species that are expected to increase according to predictions regarding the future bird fauna. Due to warmer climate, plenty of appropriate biotopes and high probability of reproduction, the conditions are good for a continued expansion in southern Sweden.

Comparative Analysis of Terrorists’ Objectives Hierarchies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Johannes Ulrich Siebert ◽  
Detlof von Winterfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Intelligence Collection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
The Relationship

To develop effective counterterrorism strategies, it is important to understand the capabilities and objectives of terrorist groups. Much of the understanding of these groups comes from intelligence collection and analysis of their capabilities. In contrast, the objectives of terrorists are less well understood. In this article, we describe a decision analysis methodology to identify and structure the objectives of terrorists based on the statements and writings of their leaders. This methodology was applied in three case studies, resulting in the three objectives hierarchies of al-Qaeda, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Hezbollah. In this article, we propose a method to compare the three objectives hierarchies, highlight their key differences, and draw conclusions about effective counterterrorism strategies. We find that all three terrorist groups have a wide range of objectives going far beyond the objective of killing and terrorizing people in the non-Muslim world. Among the shared objectives are destroying Israel and expelling Western powers from the Middle East. All three groups share the ambition to become a leader in the Islamic world. Key distinctions are the territorial ambitions of ISIL and Hezbollah versus the large-scale attack objectives of al-Qaeda. Objectives specific to ISIL are the establishment of a caliphate in Iraq and Syria and the re-creation of the power of Sunni Islam. Hezbollah has unique objectives related to the establishment of a Palestine State and to maintain the relationship with and support of Iran and Syria. Al-Qaeda’s objectives remain focused on large-scale attacks in the West. We also note a recent shift to provide support for small-scale attacks in the West by both al-Qaeda and ISIL. Our method can be used for comparing objectives hierarchies of different organizations as well as for comparing objectives hierarchies over time of one organization.

scholarly journals Global IR and Western Dominance: Moving Forward or Eurocentric Entrapment?

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Global South ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Four Books ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

Over the last decade, a call for decolonisation has challenged IR scholarship. The call has advocated for the need to decolonise the epistemology and ontology of the discipline, critically engaging with the legacies of imperialism, colonialism, racism, and patriarchy in global power relations. Parallel to the decolonial project, a call to globalise International Relations has been made by well-known scholars in recent years predominantly through the Global IR project. In this review essay of four books I briefly engage with the debates around Global IR and its critics drawing on a decolonial perspective. On the one hand, I discuss the potentialities and limitations of historiographical deconstruction as a methodological tool, raising issues with the current silencing of the ‘present’ due to the continued coloniality of knowledge. On the other hand, I delve into the wide range of possibilities that a serious and critical commitment to diversifying the discipline of IR might bring to academics in the so-called non-West/Global South. I analyse current critiques of Global IR considering them necessary though, in some cases, agents for the reification and silencing of the interests of the non-West/Global South. I argue that, whilst coloniality operates in multiple ways, decoloniality is also a project that surpasses the ideal total exteriority as imagined through the West/non-West dichotomy. Relaciones Internacionales Globales y Dominación Occidental: ¿Avance o entrampamiento eurocéntrico?

scholarly journals Domestication in C-E Subtitle Translation of American Empresses in the Palace from the Perspective of Skopos Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ouyang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
Skopos Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
At Home

Recently, due to the influence of COVID-19 and the gradual deepening of cultural exchanges between China and the West, more and more audiences in the world choose to watch classic films and TV series at home. Chinese costume films and TV series are becoming more and more popular in western countries, while the subtitle translation plays a huge role in the spread of films and TV series. American Empresses in the Palace is a large-scale costume TV series widely praised by western audiences. Many of its subtitle translations adopt domestication strategies, making the subtitle more close to western audiences. Under the guidance of Skopos Theory, this paper takes the subtitle translation of American Empresses in the Palace as an example to discuss the practical application of domestication strategies in C-E subtitle translation, so as to further understand domestication strategies and provide more references for subtitle translation of other costume dramas.

scholarly journals Analisis Trafik Pengguna XL Axiata Jakarta Selama Pandemi Covid-19 dengan Menggunakan Metode Regresi Linier

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Diana Dyah Damayanti ◽  
Theresiawati ◽  
Kraugusteeliana
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
At Home

2020 is a very disturbing year for the whole world because in 2020 there is a deadly virus, the virus is called Covid-19. The Indonesian government has a strategy to deal with the Covid-19 virus, namely by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). Where the implementation of this PSBB requires residents to do more activities at home. To carry out activities at home, internet access is needed. Therefore, providers are the companies that benefit the most, providers are companies that provide internet services, one of which is XL Axiata. During the Covid-19 pandemic, XL Axiata company wants to conduct analysis for XL Axiata in the next year, whether the traffic of XL Axiata users has increased or decreased and how many devices need to be upgraded or safe. In conducting this analysis, it is necessary to perform fast data processing, data processing using the Data Mining method with Linear Regression techniques. The data to be processed will be obtained from the XL Axiata company, namely XL Axiata traffic data. By processing data using Linear Regression results in future predictions, the West Jakarta Municipality has increased per week by an average of 0.12%, the East Jakarta Municipality has decreased per week by an average of 0.27%, the Central Jakarta Municipality experiences the decline per week by an average of 2.31%, the South Jakarta Municipality experienced an increase per week by an average of 1.17%, and in the North Jakarta Municipality it decreased per week by an average of 0.12%.  

scholarly journals The World of Wars: Risky Systems – A second-order observation of future wars

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorm Harste
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future War ◽  
The Many

The world of the future will not be one without wars. The many hopes we have about a future peace governed by a more or less confederal state will not make wars obsolete. Regular wars and irregular wars will continue and probably on different subjects than we are used to. The article proposes that the form of war will be more about temporalities, i.e. fast interchanges or, rather, more risky protracted wars of attrition and exhaustion and less on tactical well defined territories. The West can neither dominate such wars nor establish one world that is ruled or even governed. The risk is that we have the systems we have. They have their own path dependencies, their temporal bindings and their own stories to tell. In the worst case, the West sticks to an imaginary of almighty power – and then it will lose. We tend to forget that our present past will be experienced and told differently in the future. The “extreme 20th century” will have another history and another impact. Its extremes will be narrated as more extreme, and its temporal bindings become easier to observe. The much celebrated “revolutions in military affairs” will not dominate future war systems. Unipolarity is fading away. Kantian convergences may appear.

Climate of Eastern Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Camberlin
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The West ◽  
Summer Peak ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Eastern Africa, classically presented as a major dry climate anomaly region in the otherwise wet equatorial belt, is a transition zone between the monsoon domains of West Africa and the Indian Ocean. Its complex terrain, unequaled in the rest of Africa, results in a huge diversity of climatic conditions that steer a wide range of vegetation landscapes, biodiversity and human occupations. Meridional rainfall gradients dominate in the west along the Nile valley and its surroundings, where a single boreal summer peak is mostly observed. Bimodal regimes (generally peaking in April and November) prevail in the east, gradually shifting to a single austral summer peak to the south. The swift seasonal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its replacement in January–February and June–September by strong meridional, generally diverging low-level winds (e.g., the Somali Jet), account for the low rainfall. These large-scale flows interact with topography and lakes, which have their own local circulation in the form of mountain and lake breezes. This results in complex rainfall patterns, with a strong diurnal component, and a frequent asymmetry in the rainfall distribution with respect to the major relief features. Whereas highly organized rain-producing systems are uncommon, convection is partly modulated at intra-seasonal (about 30–60-day) timescales. Interannual variability shows a fair level of spatial coherence in the region, at least in July–September in the west (Ethiopia and Nile Valley) and October–December in the east along the Indian Ocean. This is associated with a strong forcing from sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and to a lesser extent the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, Eastern Africa shows some of the largest interannual rainfall variations in the world. Some decadal-scale variations are also found, including a drying trend of the March–May rainy season since the 1980s in the eastern part of the region. Eastern Africa overall mean temperature increased by 0.7 to 1 °C from 1973 to 2013, depending on the season. The strong, sometimes non-linear altitudinal gradients of temperature and moisture regimes, also contribute to the climate diversity of Eastern Africa.

Development Status of Lignite Quality Improvement Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Qi Wen ◽  
Shi Ping Jin ◽  
Su Yi Huang ◽  
Shun Li Fang ◽  
Xi Lai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Future ◽  
At Home

China has rich lignite resource, which has high moisture, low calorific value, short ignition period, etc. These characters limit lignite large-scale processing, utilization and transport also become difficult.Therefore, under our country's coal-dominated energy structure, lignite quality improvement technology can enhance the development and application for optimizing the energy structure. This paper will also introduce the development status of lignite quality improvement technology at home and abroad, and then give some insights for the future using of lignite.

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