scholarly journals The World of Wars: Risky Systems – A second-order observation of future wars

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorm Harste
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future War ◽  
The Many

The world of the future will not be one without wars. The many hopes we have about a future peace governed by a more or less confederal state will not make wars obsolete. Regular wars and irregular wars will continue and probably on different subjects than we are used to. The article proposes that the form of war will be more about temporalities, i.e. fast interchanges or, rather, more risky protracted wars of attrition and exhaustion and less on tactical well defined territories. The West can neither dominate such wars nor establish one world that is ruled or even governed. The risk is that we have the systems we have. They have their own path dependencies, their temporal bindings and their own stories to tell. In the worst case, the West sticks to an imaginary of almighty power – and then it will lose. We tend to forget that our present past will be experienced and told differently in the future. The “extreme 20th century” will have another history and another impact. Its extremes will be narrated as more extreme, and its temporal bindings become easier to observe. The much celebrated “revolutions in military affairs” will not dominate future war systems. Unipolarity is fading away. Kantian convergences may appear.

scholarly journals THE EASTERN PHILOSOPHER AND THE WESTERNIZED PROPHET

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2 (24)) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Vicky Tchaparian
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Gospel Of Matthew ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
The West ◽  
Prose Poems ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Sense

Gibran Khalil Gibran is one of the few Lebanese authors who has bridged the East and the West and is justifiably considered a citizen of the world. His book of highly estimated prose poems, The Prophet is one of the most widely read books of the 20th century. It reveals Gibran’s philosophy about different aspects of life, mainly the precept in the Gospel of Matthew about the importance of the human sense of mutuality which summarizes a Christian’s duty towards his/her neighbor and states a fundamental ethical principle. In addition to this golden rule, The Prophet reflects Gibran’s beliefs in Christianity. Being a true mirror of the Sufi mysticism of Islam, it also shows his idealistic opinion on pantheism. From this perspective, the research will focus on the combination of his beliefs in Christianity, Islam, and pantheism in The Prophet, as well as his firm conviction in creating the united and unique structure of a Christian-Muslim synthesis which he deeply adhered to.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mark Regnerus
Keyword(s):  
Religious Faith ◽  
The West ◽  
Career Expectations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

Marriage has receded dramatically in much of the West; given their historical and theological esteem for matrimony, are Christians faring any better? Not by much. Christian marriage, too, appears to be experiencing a recession. How do modern Christians around the world look for a mate within a religious faith that esteems marriage but a world that increasingly yawns at it? Some of the challenges facing them are mathematical—more women than men in congregations—while others are ideological, such as the penchant for keeping one’s options open. Economic and career expectations counsel delay. Do Christians wait on marriage? Not as long as the irreligious: being active in church predicts marrying earlier in most countries. Over time, this gap in marriage between the more religious and the less religious adds up. The future of marriage is becoming more religious, not less.

UNREALIZED POTENTIAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Vida Yu. Mikhalchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
International Study ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
International Work ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Modern sociolinguistics, like other linguistic disciplines, seeks to use modern technology in its research. As a good example here can serve the attempt to develop a sociolinguistic classifi cation of written languages of the world undertaken by the scientists from the Laval University (Quebec, Canada) in 1988–2002. The main idea of the classifi cation was to measure the vitality of a language by determining the intensity of its social functions in different areas of communication. The written languages of a number of countries, such as China, India, were studied. The sixth volume of this international work consisted of two books devoted to the languages of Russia, where the sociolinguistic parameters of all languages of Russia were studied, except for the languages of national minorities. According to this international study of Canadian scientists, it was possible, fi rstly, to clarify the number of written languages of the world, secondly, to create a sociolinguistic classifi cation of world’s languages. However, for objective reasons the work was not completed, and the achievement of the above-mentioned possibilities remains the scientifi c task of the future.

Technology and Disabilities in the Century Ahead

2011 ◽  
pp. 2077-2081
Author(s):  
Ray Kurzweil
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Technology Trends ◽  
Over Time

I have been involved in inventing since I was five, and I quickly realized that for an invention to succeed, you have to target the world of the future. But what would the future be like? To find out, I became a student of technology trends and began to develop mathematical models of different technologies: computation, miniaturization, evolution over time. I have been doing that for 25 years, and it has been remarkable to me how powerful and predictive these models are. Now, before I show you some of these models and then try to build with you some of the scenarios for the future—and, in particular, focus on how these will benefit technology for the disabled—I would like to share one trend that I think is particularly profound and that many people fail to take into consideration. It is this: the rate of progress—what I call the “paradigmshift rate”—is itself accelerating. We are doubling this paradigm-shift rate every decade. The whole 20th century was not 100 years of progress as we know it today, because it has taken us a while to speed up to the current level of progress. The 20t h century represented about 20 years of progress in terms of today’s rate. And at today’s rate of change, we will achieve an amount of progress equivalent to that of the whole 20th century in 14 years, then as the acceleration continues, in 7 years. The progress in the 21st century will be about 1,000 times greater than that in the 20th century, which was no slouch in terms of change.

scholarly journals The Shi'ites, the West and the Future of Democracy: Reframing Political Change in a Religio-secular World

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Rees
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
The West ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Secular World ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Religious Actors

The present article critically reviews Paul McGeough’s important analysis of the most recent Iraq war within a broader consideration of secular-religious relations in international affairs. The thesis of Mission Impossible: The Sheikhs, the US and the Future of Iraq (2004) can be summarised around two ideas: that the US strategy in Iraq was flawed because it wilfully bypassed the traditional power structures of Iraqi society; and that these structures, formed around the tribe and the mosque, are anti-democratic thus rendering attempts at democratisation impossible. The article affirms McGeough’s argument concerning the inadequacy of the US strategy, but critically examines the author’s fatalism toward the democratic capacity of Iraqi structures, notably the structure of the mosque. By broadening the notion of democracy to include religious actors and agendas, and by an introductory interpretation of the Shi’ite community as vital players in an emerging Iraqi democracy, the article attempts to deconstruct the author’s secularist view that the world of the mosque exists in a ‘parallel universe’ to the liberal democratic West. Reframing the Shi’ites as essential actors in the democratic project thus situates political discourse in a ‘religio-secular world’ and brings the ‘other worlds’ of religion and secularism together in a sphere of interdependence. Such an approach emphasises the importance of post-secular structures in the discourses on democratic change.

The Unity of the West and Free Trade: A Report From Washington

Worldview ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Lionel Gelber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Common ◽  
De Gaulle

When the United States fostered the recovery and underwrote the security of Western Europe she had more than sentiment to impel her. That salient zone is a pivotal sector of the world balance, and while she may station fewer of her own troops upon its soil, she can entertain no total disengagement from it. But there is another West European item, the future of the Common Market, which calls for a fresh American scrutiny. The West will be better off if Western Europe acquires more of an ability to stand on its own feet. Gaullism, however, revealed a less modest goal, one that was not confined to France and did not vanish with the departure of General de Gaulle. On the contrary, it may have gained new leverage from his downfall.

The Early Christian bema churches of Syria revisited

Antiquity ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (289) ◽  
pp. 509-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Loosley
Keyword(s):  
Late Antique ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
East End ◽  
The Many

The Limestone Massif of northwest Syria has the largest concentration of late antique churches in the world. All date from between the second half of the 4th century and the first decade of the 7th century and are remarkably consistent in their conformity to a recognizably ‘Syrian’ architectural style. Almost without exception they are apsed basilicas varying only in terms of size and the quality of decoration.This region was extensively surveyed in the 1950s by Georges Tchalenko, whose monumental three-volume study Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord remains the definitive work on the area. Of the many ecclesiastical buildings included in this survey Tchalenko identified a group of approximately 45 churches possessing a bema. The bema is a horseshoe-shaped structure in the nave that mirrors the curve of the apse. Entered via steps at the east end, it provided benches for the clergy and a pulpit at the west end that was used for scriptural expositions and homilies.

American Ideals of International Relations

1907 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Bushnell Hart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Many ◽  
United States Senator

Because of the many contributions made by America to the world's ideals of government, the nation has the feeling that it is quite adequate to work out its own principles on all other subjects without the aid of any other people. “ What have we to do with abroad ? ” said a United States senator from Ohio, only thirty years ago; and the word “ un-American ” covers a multitude of virtues. In fact the roots of American institutions of all kinds, social, economic, and political, are in the traditions of the English race; and American ideals have been modified by the experience of other European nations. Nor has the western hemisphere been separated from the great current of world affairs. Its destinies have been closely interwoven with those of Europe; and since 1895 the United States has awakened to the fact that it not only is a part of the sisterhood of nations, but is destined to be one of the half dozen states which will powerfully influence the future of all the continents. The world is no longer round about America; America is part of the world.

scholarly journals The Leading Ecumenical Organizations of the First Half of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Илья Письменюк
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Ecumenical Movement ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
World Council ◽  
International Missionary Council

Статья преподавателя кафедры церковной истории священника Ильи Николаевича Письменюка посвящена начальному этапу развития современного экуменического движения после окончания Международной миссионерской конференции в Эдинбурге в 1910 г. На этом этапе экуменизм разделился на три основных направления: богословское, социально-практическое и миссионерское. Все они постепенно нашли институциональное воплощение в первых экуменических организациях, среди которых наиболее заметными стали конференции «Вера и церковное устройство» и «Жизнь и деятельность», а также Международный миссионерский совет и Всемирный альянс для содействия международной дружбе через церкви. Развитие перечисленных организаций положило основу для будущего создания крупнейшего в истории межхристианского института - Всемирного совета церквей. An article by Priest Ilya Nikolayevich Pismenyuk, Professor at the Department of Church History, dwells on the initial stage of development of the modern ecumenical movement after the end of the International Missionary Conference in Edinburgh in 1910. At this stage, ecumenism was divided into three main directions: theological, socio-practical and missionary ones. All of them gradually found institutionalization in the first ecumenical organizations, among which the most notable were the conferences «Faith and Church Order» and «Life and Work», along with the International Missionary Council and World Alliance for the Promotion of International Friendship through the Churches. The development of these organizations made the basis of the future creation of the largest inter-Christian institution in history - the World Council of Churches.

scholarly journals Visions of Future Warfare in Russian Military Publications

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Piotr Wawrzeniuk ◽  
Markus Balázs Göransson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
At Home

Abstract The article discusses visions of future warfare articulated in recent Russian military publications. There seems to be agreement among Russian scholars that future war will be triggered by Western attempts to promote Western political and economic interests while holding back Russia's resurgence as a global power. The future war with the West is viewed as inevitable in one form or another, whether it is subversion and local wars or large-scale conventional war. While the danger of conventional war has declined, according to several scholars, the West is understood to have a wide range of non-kinetic means at its disposal that threaten Russia. In order to withstand future dangers, Russia has to be able to meet a large number of kinetic and non-kinetic threats at home and abroad.

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