scholarly journals Application of ImageJ Software in the assessment of flowering Intensity and growth Vigor of pear Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Treder ◽  
Krzysztof Klamkowski ◽  
Anna Tryngiel-Gać ◽  
Katarzyna Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Percentage Error ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Individual Calibration ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Growth Vigor ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Flowering Intensity

Abstract The study evaluated the possibility of using the image acquisition and processing method with ImageJ software for estimating growth vigor and flowering intensity of ‘Conference’ pear trees. For assessing flowering intensity, manual counting of flower clusters and taking of photographs of the trees were conducted at full bloom. Tree vigor was estimated by manually measuring the total length of the central leader and shoots of individual trees. The trees were photographed from the same distance using a hand-held camera. The calibration model for assessing the vigor or flowering of trees by image analysis was based on measurements and photographs taken for nine selected trees differing in the total length of shoots or in the number of flower clusters. Then, a quality assessment of the model was carried out on 26 nonselected trees. Image processing was performed using ImageJ software. High regression coefficients were obtained between the surface area of petals measured on the photographs and the number of inflorescences counted (r2 = 0.98); however, observations carried out in the following year indicate the need for individual calibration of estimation models in each evaluation season. Subsequently, the quality of estimating the flowering intensity of pear trees was assessed using a previously determined calibration model. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values ranged from 14.0% to 21.8%, depending on the measurement time. In the assessment of tree growth vigor, a high correlation (r2 = 0.98) was also obtained between the actual length of shoots measured individually for each tree and the values obtained by analyzing the photographic image, where the MAPE error was 12.9%.

Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Baskorowati ◽  
M. W. Moncur ◽  
J. C. Doran ◽  
P. J. Kanowski
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Tea Tree Oil ◽  
Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Flowering Intensity

Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is commercially important as the source of essential oil for the Australian tea tree-oil industry. Information on reproductive biology of M. alternifolia is important to the Australian breeding program directed at improving the quality and quantity of tea tree oil. Flowering in three geographically separated sites – two planted seed orchards and one managed natural population, all in NSW – was observed in the present study, with supporting data obtained from glasshouse-grown plants in Canberra. The majority of the work was conducted from 2004 to 2007, although the study also drew on some prior observations. M. alternifolia has spikes of flowers that open acropetally over a 6-day period. No strong separation of male and female phases was found in any individual flower; pollen was shed by 1.4 days after anthesis and the stigma reached peak receptivity 3–5 days after anthesis. Dichogamy and acropetal floral development may lead to geitonogamy. Flowering occurred during the months of October–November, with the peak in November, and was synchronous across all three sites. Flowering intensity and success in producing capsules appeared to be associated with total spring rainfall. Initiation of flowering in M. alternifolia appears to be correlated with daylength, or an environmental parameter closely correlated with daylength. Flowering intensity varied considerably among the years surveyed, sites and families, and appears to be promoted by a period of winter minimum temperatures below 5°C. In M. alternifolia, the morphological development of buds, flowers and fruit leading to the development of mature seed takes place over a period 16–18 months from flowering. M. alternifolia differed significantly in the number of viable seeds per capsule from individual trees, from 26 ± 3.8 to 57 ± 3.8 germinants.

scholarly journals WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF A SNAKE?

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus A. Rivas ◽  
Rafeal E. Ascanio ◽  
Maria D. C. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
The Way

The way that herpetologists have traditionally measuredlive snakes is by stretching them on a ruler andrecording the total length (TL). However, due to the thinconstitution of the snake, the large number of intervertebraljoints, and slim muscular mass of most snakes,it is easier to stretch a snake than it is to stretch anyother vertebrate. The result of this is that the length ofa snake recorded is infl uenced by how much the animalis stretched. Stretching it as much as possible is perhapsa precise way to measure the length of the specimenbut it might not correspond to the actual length ofa live animal. Furthermore, it may seriously injure a livesnake. Another method involves placing the snake in aclear plexiglass box and pressing it with a soft materialsuch as rubber foam against a clear surface. Measuringthe length of the snake may be done by outlining itsbody with a string (Fitch 1987; Frye 1991). However, thismethod is restricted to small animals that can be placedin a box, and in addition, no indications of accuracy of thetechnique are given. Measuring the snakes with a fl exibletape has also been reported (Blouin-Demers 2003)but when dealing with a large animals the way the tapeis positioned can produce great variance on the fi nal outcome.In this contribution we revise alternative ways tomeasuring a snake and propose a method that offers repeatableresults. We further analyze the precision of thismethod by using a sample of measurements taken fromwild populations of green anacondas (Eunectes murinus)with a large range of sizes.

Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A117-A123 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Schimleck ◽  
A. J. Michell ◽  
C. A. Raymond ◽  
A. Muneri
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Whole Tree

In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.

scholarly journals Vegetative growth and productive performance of 'Abate Fetel' and 'Rocha' pear trees on quince rootstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Klamer de Almeida ◽  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Gilmar Arduino Bettio Marodin
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Flowering Intensity

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth and yield of the 'Abate Fetel' and 'Rocha' pear (Pyrus communis) trees grafted onto the 'Adams', 'Ba29', and 'EMC' quince (Cydonia oblonga) rootstocks in the climatic conditions of Southern Brazil. The plants were trained on a central leader system, at a 4.0x1.0-m spacing. Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit size were evaluated. 'Rocha' showed greater vegetative growth, but also alternate bearing, mainly due to fructification problems. 'Abate Fetel' presented high flowering intensity, but a very low fructification, which limited its yield. Among rootstocks, 'Adams' induced a higher vigor during the initial stages and an increased intensity in flowering in the sixth year. In the following seasons, there was no rootstock effect on the assessed variables. 'Rocha' has a satisfactory production, whereas 'Abate Fetel' shows a weak vegetative growth and a very low production. The 'Adams', 'Ba29', and 'EMC' rootstocks induce similar vegetative and productive behavior in the 'Abate Fetel' and 'Rocha' pear trees.

Evaluation of apple flowering intensity using color image processing for tree specific chemical thinning

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-470
Author(s):  
O. Krikeb ◽  
V. Alchanatis ◽  
O. Crane ◽  
A. Naor
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Color Image Processing ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Automatic Estimation ◽  
Image Processing Algorithms ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Flowering Intensity

Chemical thinning in apple orchards is a commonly used technique for improving yield. The objective of this work was to quantify bloom intensity of individual trees using color images, and estimate the time for the peak of the bloom. Image acquisition campaigns were conducted in an apple orchard with Golden Delicious variety during two growing seasons. Image processing algorithms were developed to detect flowers. The correlation between the manual and automatic estimation of bloom intensity at the day of the peak was 0.90 and 0.97 for 2014 and 2015 respectively. Based on the above relationships, maps of blooming intensity were derived and its variability was established.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis of the iris surface smoothness by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in Fuchs uveitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zarei ◽  
Elias Khalili Pour ◽  
Nazanin Ebrahimiadib ◽  
Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Smoothness Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Fellow Eyes

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the value of “smoothness index” as a novel tool for quantitative analysis of iris surface findings in unilateral Fuchs’ uveitis (FU).MethodsIn this observational study, both phakic eyes from patients with the diagnosis of unilateral FU were enrolled. All eyes underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT). The images were extracted and exported to the ImageJ software for calculating the “smoothness index (SI)”. The SI was defined as ratio of length of the straight line connecting the most peripheral and the most central points of anterior iris surface to actual length of this boundary.ResultsForty eyes from 20 patients with unilateral FU were enrolled. Mean age of patients was 40±10 years. Mean overall SI was 0.876± 0.030 in eyes with FU that was significantly more than fellow control eyes (0.841± 0.041). (p=0.005) The mean temporal and nasal SI were 0.878± 0.035 and 0.874± 0.033 in eyes with FU, compared to 0.843± 0.041 and 0.838± 0.047 in control fellow eyes, respectively. (p = 0.008 and p = 0.009, respectively)ConclusionIris “smoothness index” is a novel index to quantitatively document diffuse smoothness of iris anterior surface in eyes with FU. This index may facilitate diagnosis of subtle iris atrophic changes in these eyes, especially when heterochromia is absent.

scholarly journals Models for estimating leaf area in the ‘Palmer’ mango

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
José Luiz Santos da Silva Junior ◽  
Marcos Sales Rodrigues ◽  
Gabriella Amaral Braga ◽  
Ester Silva Regis
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Model Quality ◽  
Geometric Models ◽  
Model Quality Assessment ◽  
Imagej Software

Techniques for measuring leaf area are basic for evaluating plant growth in the mango. As such, the aim of this study was to determine the leaf area of the ‘Palmer’ mango using mathematical models proposed by the present study, and compare the results of the proposed models with models available in the literature for other mango cultivars. The mango leaf was simulated as a function of leaf length (L) and width (W) using two distinct geometric models: an ellipse and a rosacea petal. Models found in the literature and determined for other cultivars, were also tested. The values for leaf area were obtained using the ImageJ software and taken at their actual value; these were later compared with the values achieved by the geometric models. The models were tested for quality of prediction through cross-validation. The models proposed in the present study were not superior to the best models found in the literature. The model LA = 3.80 + 0.67 (LW) achieved the best performance, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.78%. Using only length, the best model was LA = 0.0142C2 + 6.1902C - 49.444, with a MAPE of 4.07%. The use of mathematical models proved to be a suitable option for estimating leaf area in the ‘Palmer’ mango. Moreover, the use of R2 as the only form of model quality assessment can lead to errors in choosing the best model.

Resistance of some plum cultivars and individual trees to Plum Pox (Sharka) virus

Agronomie ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ŠUTI ◽  
M. RANKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Individual Trees ◽  
Sharka Virus

Determination of the International Sensitivity Index of a New Near-Patient Testing Device to Monitor Oral Anticoagulant Therapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (02) ◽  
pp. 855-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Tripodi ◽  
Veena Chantarangkul ◽  
Marigrazia Clerici ◽  
Barbara Negri ◽  
Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Near Patient Testing

SummaryA key issue for the reliable use of new devices for the laboratory control of oral anticoagulant therapy with the INR is their conformity to the calibration model. In the past, their adequacy has mostly been assessed empirically without reference to the calibration model and the use of International Reference Preparations (IRP) for thromboplastin. In this study we reviewed the requirements to be fulfilled and applied them to the calibration of a new near-patient testing device (TAS, Cardiovascular Diagnostics) which uses thromboplastin-containing test cards for determination of the INR. On each of 10 working days citrat- ed whole blood and plasma samples were obtained from 2 healthy subjects and 6 patients on oral anticoagulants. PT testing on whole blood and plasma was done with the TAS and parallel testing for plasma by the manual technique with the IRP CRM 149S. Conformity to the calibration model was judged satisfactory if the following requirements were met: (i) there was a linear relationship between paired log-PTs (TAS vs CRM 149S); (ii) the regression line drawn through patients data points, passed through those of normals; (iii) the precision of the calibration expressed as the CV of the slope was <3%. A good linear relationship was observed for calibration plots for plasma and whole blood (r = 0.98). Regression lines drawn through patients data points, passed through those of normals. The CVs of the slope were in both cases 2.2% and the ISIs were 0.965 and 1.000 for whole blood and plasma. In conclusion, our study shows that near-patient testing devices can be considered reliable tools to measure INR in patients on oral anticoagulants and provides guidelines for their evaluation.

The Effects of the sphragis on male and female genitalia in Acraea (Nymphalidae) butterflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon L Summers ◽  
Akito Y Kawahara ◽  
Ana P. S. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Storage Organ ◽  
Mating Plug ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

Male mating plugs have been used in many species to prevent female re-mating and sperm competition. One of the most extreme examples of a mating plug is the sphragis, which is a large, complex and externalized plug found only in butterflies. This structure is found in many species in the genus Acraea (Nymphalidae) and provides an opportunity for investigation of the effects of the sphragis on the morphology of the genitalia, which is poorly understood. This study aims to understand morphological interspecific variation in the genitalia of Acraea butterflies. Using specimens from museum collections, abdomen dissections were conducted on 19 species of Acraea: 9 sphragis bearing and 10 non-sphragis bearing species. Genitalia imaging was performed for easier comparison and analysis and measurements of genitalia structures was done using ImageJ software. Some distinguishing morphological features in the females were found. The most obvious difference is the larger and more externalized copulatory opening in sphragis bearing species, with varying degrees of external projections. Females of the sphragis bearing species also tend to have a shorter ductus (the structure that connects the copulatory opening with the sperm storage organ) than those without the sphragis. These differences may be due to a sexually antagonistic coevolution between the males and females, where the females evolve larger and more difficult to plug copulatory openings and the males attempt to prevent re-mating with the sphragis.

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