scholarly journals Gender- and age-specific reference intervals of common biochemical analytes in chinese population – derivation using real laboratory data

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danchen Wang ◽  
Chaochao Ma ◽  
Yutong Zou ◽  
Songlin Yu ◽  
Honglei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Peking Union Medical College ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College

Summary Background Indirect sampling methods are not only inexpensive but also efficient for establishing reference intervals (RIs) using clinical data. This study was conducted to select fully normal records to establish age- and gender-specific RIs for common biochemical analytes by laboratory data mining. Methods In total, 280,206 records from 2014 to 2018 were obtained from Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Common biochemical analytes [total protein, albumin, total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, urea, glucose, uric acid (UA), inorganic phosphorus, creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol] were measured using an automatic analyzer. Sources of variation were identified by multiple regression analysis. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were calculated as the lower and upper limits of the RIs, respectively. Results Metode indirektnog uzorkovanja nisu samo jeftine, već su i efikasne za uspostavljanje referentnih intervala (RI) korišćenjem velike količine kliničkih podataka. Ova studija je sprovedena sa ciljem da se odaberu potpuno normalni pojedinačni zapisi da bi se utvrdio RI za starost i pol za zajedničke biohemijske analite pomoću laboratorijski dobijenih podataka. Conclusions Ukupno je uzeto 280.206 pojedinačnih rezultata u periodu od 2014. do 2018. godine iz bolnice Peking Union Medical College-a. Uobičajeni biohemijski analiti [ukupni protein, albumin, ukupni bilirubin (TBil), direktni bilirubin (DBil), alanin aminotransferaza (ALT), glutamiltranspeptidaza (GGT), alkalna fosfataza (ALP), aspartat aminotransferaza (AST), laktat dehidrogenaza (LAT) kalijum, natrijum, hlor, kalcijum, ureja, glukoza, mokraćna kiselina (UA), neorganski fosfor, kreatinin (Cr), ukupni hole sterol, trigliceridi, lipoprotein holesterola visoke gustine i lipoprotein holesterola niske gustine] mereni su korišćenjem automatskog analizatora. Izvori varijacije identifikovani su višestrukom regresionom analizom. Postoci (2,5 i 97,5) su izračunati kao donja i gornja granica RI, svaki ponaosob.

scholarly journals Correlation of Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Nahid Yeasmin ◽  
Qazi Shamima Akhter ◽  
Sayeeda Mahmuda ◽  
Sultana Yeasmin ◽  
Rumana Afroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Medical College

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread endocrine disorders in female and its complications are increasing all over the world, leading to life threatening medical problems like cardiovascular diseases, stroke and end stage renal diseases. A correlation between hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been identified. The study was carried out to observe the correlation of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level with type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult female subjects.Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, during the period of January 2011 to December 2011. Total sixty female subjects were selected with age ranging from 30 to 50 years. Among them 30 female subjects with diabetes mellitus were included from out-patient department of Endocrinology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka as study group (B) and 30 apparently healthy females were taken as control group (A) for comparison. Estimation of serum fasting serum LDL-C and HDL-C levels was done by enzymatic method in the department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College Dhaka in both groups. Fasting serum insulin level was measured by ELISA method in the laboratory of National Institute of ENT, Dhaka and fasting blood glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase method in the department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College in both groups. Data were analyzed by Unpaired Student’s- test and Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) test as applicable.Results: The value of fasting serum LDL-C level was significantly higher in study subjects than those of control. Again, fasting serum HDL-C level was significantly lower in study subjects in comparison to controls. In study subjects fasting serum LDL showed positive correlation and fasting serum HDL-C levels showed negative correlation with fasting blood glucose and serum insulin level.Conclusion: Present study reveals that serum insulin and blood glucose level have positive relationship with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and negative relationship with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 26, No.2, October, 2017, Page 140-147

scholarly journals Establishment of Reference Intervals of Clinical Chemistry Analytes for the Adult Population in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Baz ◽  
Kiyoshi Ichihara ◽  
May Selim ◽  
Ahmed Awad ◽  
Sarah Aglan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Multiple Regions

AbstractBackgroundThis is the first Egyptian nationwide study for derivation of reference intervals (RIs) for 34 major chemistry analytes. It was conducted as a part of the global initiative by the IFCC Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) for establishing country-specific RIs based on a harmonized protocol.Methods691 apparently healthy volunteers aged ≥18 years were recruited from multiple regions in Egypt. Serum specimens were analyzed in two centers. The harmonization and standardization of test results were achieved by measuring value-assigned serum panel provided by C-RIDL. The RIs were calculated by parametric method. Sources of variation of reference values (RVs) were evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The need for partitioning by sex, age, and region was judged primarily by standard deviation ratio (SDR).ResultsGender-specific RIs were required for six analytes including total bilirubin (TBil), aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST, ALT). Seven analytes required age-partitioning including glucose and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)., Regional differences were observed between northern and southern Egypt for direct bilirubin, glucose, and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with all their RVs lower in southern Egypt. Compared with other collaborating countries, the features of Egyptian RVs were lower HDL-C and TBil and higher TG and C-reactive protein. In addition, BMI showed weak association with most of nutritional markers. These features were shared with two other Middle Eastern countries: Saudi Arabia and Turkey.ConclusionThe standardized RIs established by this study can be used as common Egyptian RI, except for a few analytes that showed regional differences. Despite high prevalence of obesity among Egyptians, their RVs of nutritional markers are less sensitive to increased BMI, compared to other collaborating countries.

Factors related to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Complicated with Hyperuricemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ling wu ◽  
Yazhen Di ◽  
Yuanling Chen ◽  
Yunyan Li ◽  
Jiapei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

Abstract Background Clinical findings reported that some cases of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA) gradually suffer from hyperuricemia(HUA) during the course of follow-up, followed by the detection of high urate crystal, gout, renal impairment, and other manifestations. And thoes patients would influence the prognosis. Methods This was a retrospective study of 60 patients diagnosed with JIA between October 2016 and March 2019 and followed up for > 1 year. Single-factor analyses of the clinical data, laboratory data, and the special drug used for JIA complicated with hyperuricemia (Group A, n = 18) and JIA without hyperuricemia (Group B, n = 42) were conducted. Results Comparison between Groups A and B revealed differences in sex; disease course; high disease activity; diastolic pressure; the levels of serum albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose (GLU), and urea nitrogen (BUN); NSAIDS application, systemic glucocorticoid application, MTX application, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors application were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, the differences in age, active sacroiliitis, body mass index (BMI), systolic pressure, serum creatinine (Scr) level, and salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP) application showed a statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions JIA patients were obese ,with high systolic pressure, and after SASP treatment will be more likely to be complicated with hyperuricemia.

scholarly journals Age-specific and sex-specific reference intervals for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins in 7260 healthy Chinese children and adolescents measured with an Olympus AU5400 analyser: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e030201
Author(s):  
Junjie Liu ◽  
Yanpeng Dai ◽  
Enwu Yuan ◽  
Yushan Li ◽  
Quanxian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Healthy Chinese ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

AimsEthnic, demographic, lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors influence lipids and apolipoproteins. The aim of this study was to establish age-specific and gender-specific reference intervals for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins in healthy Chinese children and adolescents.MethodsThis study followed the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP28-A3c guidelines. Non-fasting samples were collected from 7260 healthy Chinese children and adolescents, and they were analysed using the Olympus AU5400 analyser for: triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). The age-related and gender-related reference intervals were partitioned using the Harris-Boyd method. The non-parametric method was used to establish the lower limit (2.5th percentile) and the upper limit (97.5th percentile) for the reference intervals. The 90% CIs for the lower and upper limits were also calculated.ResultsBased on the Harris-Boyd method, gender partitions were required for TC, LDL-C and ApoB. Age differences were observed for all analytes. Paediatric reference intervals were established for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins based on a large population of healthy children and adolescents.ConclusionsPreviously used reference intervals did not take age and gender into account. These age-specific and gender-specific reference intervals established in this study may contribute to improved management and assessment of paediatric diseases.

scholarly journals Data mining: traditional spring festival associated with hypercholesterolemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danchen Wang ◽  
Yutong Zou ◽  
Honglei Li ◽  
Songlin Yu ◽  
Liangyu Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
High Fat ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract Background Serum lipid concentrations are affected by long-term high-fat diets; thus, we hypothesize that lipid levels increase after the Spring Festival in China. Method In total, 20,192 individuals (male: n=10,108, female: n=10,084) were enrolled in this retrospective cross-sectional study based on clinical data from the Laboratory Information System (LIS) and Hospital Information System (HIS) in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2014 to 2018. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were analyzed. Results The serum TC [male vs. female: (4.71 ± 0.90 vs. 4.56 ± 0.85) mmol/L], TG [male vs. female: (1.71 ± 1.56 vs. 1.02 ± 0.68) mmol/L], and LDL-C [male vs. female: (3.01 ± 0.77 vs. 2.73 ± 0.74) mmol/L] levels were significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.001); serum HDL-C [male vs. female: (1.18 ± 0.28 vs. 1.50 ± 0.34) mmol/L] was significantly lower in males (P < 0.001). In February, the TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were 8.4%, 16.3%, and 9.3% higher than the lowest levels recorded, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia of the two weeks before the Spring festival was significantly lower than that of the first week after the Spring festival (43.6% (168/385) vs. 54.1% (126/233), P=0.007). Additionally, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was statistically higher in the first week after the Spring Festival than in May–January. Conclusion Higher TC, TG, and LDL-C in winter could be associated with high-fat diets during the Spring Festival. The Spring Festival was immediately followed by a higher lipid concentrations. Thus, we don't recommend lipid assessment or physical examination immediately after the holiday especially Spring festival.

scholarly journals Establishment of reference intervals of clinical chemistry analytes for the adult population in Egypt

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0236772
Author(s):  
Heba Baz ◽  
Kiyoshi Ichihara ◽  
May Selim ◽  
Ahmed Awad ◽  
Sarah Aglan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Multiple Regions

Background This is the first Egyptian nationwide study for derivation of reference intervals (RIs) for 34 major chemistry analytes. It was conducted as a part of the global initiative by the IFCC Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) for establishing country-specific RIs based on a harmonized protocol. Methods 691 apparently healthy volunteers aged ≥18 years were recruited from multiple regions in Egypt. Serum specimens were analyzed in two centers. The harmonization and standardization of test results were achieved by measuring value-assigned serum panel provided by C-RIDL. The RIs were calculated by parametric method. Sources of variation of reference values (RVs) were evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The need for partitioning by sex, age, and region was judged primarily by standard deviation ratio (SDR). Results Gender-specific RIs were required for six analytes including total bilirubin (TBil), aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST, ALT). Seven analytes required age-partitioning including glucose and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Regional differences were observed between northern and southern Egypt for direct bilirubin, glucose, and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with all their RVs lower in southern Egypt. Compared with other collaborating countries, the features of Egyptian RVs were lower HDL-C and TBil and higher TG and C-reactive protein. In addition, BMI showed weak association with most of nutritional markers. These features were shared with two other Middle Eastern countries: Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Conclusion The standardized RIs established by this study can be used as common Egyptian RI, except for a few analytes that showed regional differences. Despite high prevalence of obesity among Egyptians, their RVs of nutritional markers are less sensitive to increased BMI, compared to other collaborating countries.

scholarly journals SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 1132-1137
Author(s):  
Mazhar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Ghafoor ◽  
Muhammad Shahbaz Hussain ◽  
Lubna Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Wbc Count

Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of sitagliptin in type 2diabetic hyperlipidemic patients. Period: 25 August 2015 to 25 November 2015 (12 weeks).Study Design: Randomized clinical trials. Setting: Outdoor of diabetic clinic of Sheikh ZayedMedical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Materials and Methods: Diabetic patients (n=46)with poor glycemic control(HbA1c > 7.2%) and deranged lipid profile were selected. The patientreceived sitagliptin 50mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Results: A total of 46 patients completed thestudy. After 12 weeks treatment with sitagliptin, there was a significant reduction in the value ofHbA1c from 8.26±0.73% at baseline to 7.33±0.62% (p <0.01). Body mass index also decreasedsignificantly from 31.90±1.57 kg/m2 at baseline to 27.31±1.60 kg/m2 at 12 weeks (p<0.01).There was also significant reduction in the serum level of total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides(TG) and Low density lipoprotein cholesterol( LDL-C) were detected( TC: 255.35±13.89to 220.76±14.65 mg/dl, TG: 188.80±11.62 to 153.39±9.24 mg/dl,; LDL-C 169.89±12.06 to147.11±8.1 mg/dl with p-value <0.01. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increasedsignificantly from 41.21±3.11 mg/dl at baseline to 50.21±2.37 mg/dl (p <0.01) at 12 weeks.There is also significant reduction in the value of inflammatory markers after 12 weeks treatmentwith sitagliptin, ESR: 27.04±4.07 vs 11.43±1.74 mm/hr, WBC count: 6.90±0.51 vs 5.65±0.34109/L and hs-CRP: 4.21±0.37 vs 2.16±0.23 mg/L with p-value <0.01. Conclusion: Seeing themultiple benefits of sitagliptin on risk factors and markers of inflammation it is concluded that itshould be started early in diabetic patients to prevent micro and macro vascular complicationsin future.

scholarly journals Data mining: Traditional Spring Festival Associated With Hypercholesterolemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danchen Wang ◽  
Yutong Zou ◽  
Honglei Li ◽  
Songlin Yu ◽  
Liangyu Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
High Fat ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract BackgroundSerum lipid concentrations are affected by long-term high fat diets; thus, we hypothesise that lipid levels increase after Spring Festival in China. In total, 20,192 individuals (males, 10,108; females, 10,084) were enrolled in this retrospective cross-sectional study, based on clinical data from Laboratory Information System (LIS) and Hospital Information System (HIS) in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from 2014 to 2018. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were analysed. Results Average age, BMI, SBP, and DBP of the participants were 39.4 years, 23.7 kg/m2, 118 mmHg, and 73 mmHg, respectively. Serum TC, TG, and LDL levels were significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.001); serum HDL-C was statistically lower in males (P < 0.001). In February, the TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were 8.4%, 16.3%, and 9.3% higher than the lowest levels recorded, respectively. Additionally, dyslipidaemia prevalence was statistically higher in the first week after Spring Festival than in May–January. Conclusion Higher TC, TG, LDL-C in winter could be associated with high fat diets during Spring Festival. Spring Festival was immediately followed by a higher lipid concentration. Thus, it is necessary accurately diagnose dyslipidaemia after Spring Festival.

scholarly journals An update on the measurement and management of cholesterol with specific reference to secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Vally ◽  
F Kathrada ◽  
N Butkow
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains the largest contributor to non-communicable adverse disease outcomes. Treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease have evolved at a dramatic pace in the last 40 years. Serum-cholesterol has emerged as the dominant risk factor for coronary artery disease and events. The link between serum-cholesterol and arterial atherosclerosis is well documented. The attainment of cholesterol goals has historically concentrated on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Current evidence and guidelines have shifted to the attainment of non-HDL-C target levels which represent a more thorough inclusion of small dense atherogenic particles. Methods to reduce serum-cholesterol mainly centre around the use of the HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors also known as the statins. High intensity statins like atorvastatin (80 mg) and rosuvastatin (40 mg) are now the preferred starting therapies to lower cholesterol by at least 40–50% in patients with established cardiovascular disease as secondary prevention. In the event of failure of these medications, evidence suggests that the addition of ezetimibe may enhance the total serum-lowering levels to 50–60%. New therapies aimed at inhibiting PCSK9 revealed exciting new targets for LDL-C lowering, but the high cost of these antibodies could preclude access to this therapeutic intervention. Aggressive pursuit of lower LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels may reduce the incidence of secondary myocardial infarctions, strokes and death from cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Effect of Season on Hematologic, Biochemical, and Hormonal Analytes in Rams of Two Breeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-442
Author(s):  
Ioannis L. Oikonomidis ◽  
Evangelos Kiossis ◽  
Christos Brozos ◽  
Maria Kritsepi-Konstantinou
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Differential Leukocyte Count ◽  
Siemens Healthcare ◽  
Total Thyroxine

Abstract Clinicopathological investigations are essential for the evaluation of the health status of ruminants. Apart from species-specific reference intervals, the effect of common biological factors should be considered for an accurate interpretation of laboratory data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of season on hematologic and biochemical analytes, and serum total thyroxine and cortisol in adult rams of two breeds. Four blood samples (one every season) were collected from each ram. Complete blood count was performed on the Advia 120 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA), while the differential leukocyte count was manually conducted. Biochemical and hormonal analyses were performed on Flexor E (Vital Scientific, The Netherlands), AVL 9180 (Roche Diagnostics, Belgium), and Immulite 1000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA), respectively. Linear mixed effects models (R language) were employed for statistical analyses. Forty-three (26 Chios, 17 Florina), adult, clinically healthy rams were included. Statistically significant (p<0.05), mostly breed-independent seasonal differences were observed in almost all of the analytes. However, when assessing these differences in view of the respective reference intervals, only a few of them were considered biologically important. Specifically, mild hyperglycemia and mild decrease in the concentration of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus were detected in winter, while a mild increase in thyroxine concentration (autumn) and creatine kinase activity (spring and summer) was also noted. In conclusion, seasonal effects should be considered when evaluating laboratory results in rams; however, season does not appear to have an essential effect on the clinicopathological profile of rams reared in the Mediterranean region.

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