scholarly journals Detecting Anomalous Data in Household Surveys: Evidence for Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fernando Antonio Ignacio González
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Urban Household ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Logarithmic Distribution ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract This paper advances in the detection of anomalous data in income reports of Argentina. In particular, income declared by households surveyed in the Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH, Permanent Household Survey in English) -for the period 2003-2017- and in the Encuesta Anual de Hogares Urbanos (EAHU, Annual Urban Household Survey in English) -for the period 2010-2014- are analyzed. A widely known technique in forensic accounting and auditing, such as Benford’s law -also known as the first digit law- is used. If the analyzed data were generated naturally-free of manipulation- it should follow the logarithmic distribution of Benford. The Chi-square test and the absolute mean deviation (MAD) are used for verification. The results suggest that the income reported in the EPH does not follow the Benford distribution and the degree of compliance with this law decreases significantly between 2007-2015 coinciding with the intervention period of the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC, National Institute of Statistics and Censuses in English).

Self-reported income data: are people telling the truth?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1359
Author(s):  
Fernando Antonio Ignacio González
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose This paper aims to detect anomalous data in income reports of Argentina, including personal income – from a sample of households – and statements of public officials. Design/methodology/approach A widely known technique in forensic accounting – such as Benford’s Law – is used. The Chi-square test and the absolute mean deviation are used for verification. The databases consulted include the income declared by households in the Permanent Household Survey – for the 2003-2017 period – and the capital declarations of high-ranking public officials – for the period 1999-2017. Findings The results suggest that income reported in the Encuesta Permanente de Hogares do not follow a Benford´s distribution, and the degree of conformity with this decreases significantly between 2007 and 2015 – coincident with the intervention period of the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Patrimonial statements of public officials present an acceptable level of compliance with Benford’s law, especially among those of the legislative branch (in more than 90% of cases) although to a lesser extent among officials of the executive branch. Practical implications The results suggest that income reports from the Permanent Household Survey, for the period 2007-2015, should be used with reservations because of their possible manipulation. Originality/value During the intervention of the official statistics institute in Argentina (2007-2015), the idea of lack of credibility of its reports has been disseminated. To date, however, there is no empirical evidence to support it related to income.

scholarly journals Acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde por idosos segundo microrregionais de saúde [Health services access and use by older adults, by health micro-regions] [Acceso y uso de servicios de salud por adultos mayores, según microrregiones de salud]

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. e51838
Author(s):  
Thaislane Milene Oliveira ◽  
Pollyana Cristina dos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Nayara Gomes Nunes Oliveira ◽  
Darlene Mara dos Santos Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Dental Appointment

Objetivo: descrever e comparar as características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos idosos, e o acesso e a utilização dos serviços de saúde, segundo três microrregionais de saúde de Minas Gerais. Método: inquérito domiciliar transversal realizado com 1.635 idosos residentes nas Microrregionais de Saúde do Triângulo Sul, em Minas Gerais. Procederam-se às análises descritivas e teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: na comparação entre os grupos obteve-se diferença significativa em relação à faixa etária (p<0,001), número de morbidades (p<0,001), uso contínuo de medicamentos (p<0,001) e não realizar consulta com dentista no último ano (p=0,005). Conclusão: as políticas públicas devem considerar os fatores sociodemográficos e as condições clínicas dos idosos, mediante o contexto da territorialização e regionalização em saúde, para proposição de estratégias de ação que favoreçam o acesso e uso dos serviços por essa população.ABSTRACTObjective: to describe and compare the older adults’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and their access to, and use of, health services, by three health micro-regions in Minas Gerais. Method: this cross-sectional household survey interviewed 1,635 older adults living in the Health Micro-regions of the Southern Triangle of Minas Gerais. Descriptive analyses and chi-square test were performed (p < 0.05). Results: comparisons among the groups revealed significant differences by age group (p < 0.001), number of morbidities (p < 0.001), continuous medication use (p < 0.001) and no dental appointment in the prior year (p = 0.005). Conclusion: in the context of health care territorialization and regionalization, public policies should consider older adults’ sociodemographic characteristics and clinical conditions, in order to propose action strategies to favor service access and use by this population.RESUMENObjetivo: describir y comparar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los adultos mayores y su acceso y uso de los servicios de salud por parte de tres microrregiones de salud en Minas Gerais. Método: esta encuesta de hogares de corte transversal entrevistó a 1.635 adultos mayores residentes en las Microrregiones de Salud del Triángulo Sur de Minas Gerais. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y prueba de chi-cuadrado (p <0.05). Resultados: las comparaciones entre los grupos revelaron diferencias significativas por grupo de edad (p <0,001), número de morbilidades (p <0,001), uso continuo de medicación (p <0,001) y ausencia de consulta dental en el año anterior (p = 0,005). Conclusión: en el contexto de territorialización y regionalización asistencial, las políticas públicas deben considerar las características sociodemográficas y las condiciones clínicas de los adultos mayores, con el fin de proponer estrategias de acción que favorezcan el acceso y uso de los servicios por parte de esta población.

scholarly journals Correlation between functional staging and DDLS in primary open angle glaucoma patients in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Van Thi Bui ◽  
Thom Thi Vu ◽  
Tung Thanh Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Clinically, there are many systems of visual field staging parallel exist. The agreement between glaucoma function and appearance is still uncertain. This study was to compare visual field staging classifications (as function staging) with disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS as appearance staging) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods: Cross-section study on 55 patients (90 eyes) examined and treated in Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology from 9/2016 – 9/2017. The MD (mean deviation), PSD (pattern standard deviation), VFI (visual field index) indexes were recorded and were used to classify glaucoma staging according to categories of eGSS (enhance glaucoma severity staging), mGSS (modified glaucoma severity staging), HPA (Hoddaps – Palmela – Adersons), AGIS (advance glaucoma intervention study) and DDLS. Using SPSS 16.0 software, statistically significance was tested with proper tests as Chi – square test, Fisher exact test, Kappa (to assess the agreement - disagreement), Spearman Rank (to assess the level of correlation).Results: Mean visual field indexes were -11.49 dB (MD), 5.85 dB (PSD), 74.2% (VFI). Compared to the DDLS, all systems had slight agreement (K < 0.2). The disagreement percentage was highest in eGSS (70%) then followed by mGSS (50%) and HPA (48.9%). In terms of definitive diagnosis, HPA and mGSS showed a substantial agreement (K > 0.6) with AGIS which is higher than that between eGSS and AGIS (retrospectively 0.773 and 0.75 vs 0.399) with p < 0.001. In terms of staging detection, the agreement between HPA &mGSS and AGIS was substantial (K > 0.6) while that between eGSS and AGIS was fair (K < 0.4).Conclusion: mGSS and HPA tend to show the stronger agreement with standard classifications than eGSS. mGSS should be used in clinical practice and research.

scholarly journals Preventive behavior of Opisthorchiasis among people in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-572
Author(s):  
Kaewjai Maleelai ◽  
Sasimaphon Chaikaew ◽  
Aungsumalin Nakham ◽  
Jinda Khumkaew
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Prevention Behavior ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Monthly Salary

Background: Although we are in the era of the 21st-century, some people's lifestyles are still unchanged. People are still eating crude or undercooked fish, which puts them at risk for opisthorchiasis infection. This study aimed to measure knowledge and prevention behavior regarding opisthorchiasis among people resident in Ubon Ratchathani, the northeastern region of Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2nd October 2018 to 26th December 2018. The data was collected via a self-administered household survey using a systematic random sampling technique. Univariate and bivariate analyses such as the chi-square test were performed. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data, and the significance of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: Four hundred and fifteen households have completed the questionnaire. Most of the participants were female (50.1%), aged 15-59 years old (75.3%), married (64.8%), had completed elementary school (46.3%), worked in agriculture (31.6%), and had a monthly salary of on average of 6,525 baht. Most of the respondents reported excellent behavior (94.2%) and good knowledge (80.5%) to prevent opisthorchiasis, respectively. However, there was no significant association between participants' characteristics and the related behavior to prevent opisthorchiasis (p>0.05). Conclusion: Despite efforts to educate the community, some people lack preventive knowledge and exhibit behavior associated with a higher risk of opisthorchiasis.

scholarly journals Obstetric fistula in Assam, India: a neglected cause of maternal morbidities and mortality

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Jungari ◽  
Bal Govind Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Obstetric Fistula ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Very High

Each year between 50,000 to 100,000 women worldwide are affected by obstetric fistula, a hole in the birth canal. Obstetric fistula is one of the major cause for maternal morbidities and mortality and it has been successfully eradicated in developed nations. Women who experience obstetric fistula suffer constant incontinence, shame, and social segregation. Obstetric fistula is prevalent in African and Asian countries, including India. In India, data has been collected in a large scale survey of district level household survey regarding obstetric fistula and its causes. In this study, efforts are endeavoured to understand the prevalence and causes of obstetric fistula in Assam state, India, where prevalence of obstetric fistula is very high (4.5%). Chi-square test was applied to determine the affecting factors of obstetric fistula. Results showing the socioeconomic status, education, place of residence and age group are important determinants in variation of fistula prevalence among women.

scholarly journals Non-communicable diseases and public health facility utilization: a study in rural Kerala

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2254
Author(s):  
Devi Nair ◽  
Krishnanunni Raveendran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Public Health Facility ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases increased significantly in India and Kerala carries the highest burden among Indian states. People with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are particularly vulnerable to socioeconomic inequality due to their long-term expensive health care needs. Provision of health services through public health facilities will reduce the health care expenses and will increase NCD care utilization. This study aimed to assess socioeconomic-factors related to public health service utilization among four major non-communicable disease patients in Pathanmthitta district of Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional household survey using WHO CSDH frame work conducted among 715 individuals from 3randomely selected panchayaths in Pathanmthitta district, Kerala. Simple frequencies were used to calculate the prevalence of NCDs in the study population. Chi-square test followed by binary logistics regression was applied (using SPSS 21 statistical package) to examine the effects of demographic and socioeconomic variables of NCD respondents on public health utilization.Results: Among 715 household survey respondents 472 (66%) reported as Non-communicable disease (NCD) patient. The majority (60.5%) of NCD respondents reported using government facility for health care irrespective of their socioeconomic status. Chi-square test analysis, ration card status, age, gender, education, occupation, income and economic dependency show significance (p<0.005). Public health utilization was seen to be high in female (OR=7.1, p=0.000), people with lower education (OR=11.5, p≤0.002) and lower income (OR=4.1, p=0.000). Public health facility utilization reported high among partially depended people (OR=39.8, p=0.000).Conclusions: Irrespective of their socioeconomic status NCD patients wants to reduce their financial burden of health care through the utilization of public health facilities. A comprehensive health care financing scheme for chronic NCD patients which is crucial to protect most vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals An assessment of the Human-Elephant conflict in Sapahi and Kakadi Village of Kolhabi Municipality, Bara, Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Akshay Chaudhary ◽  
Sachin Timilsina ◽  
Subash Gautam ◽  
Prajwol Babu Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Conservation Education ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Elephant Conservation ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Key Informant Interview

This study aims to assess the trend, extent, and impact of Human-Elephant conflict (HEC) in Sapahi and Kakadi villages of Bara district. Direct field observation, Household Survey (HHs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interview (KII) were carried out during November and December 2016 where 11 wards were selected purposively from two village and 50 households from each village. Also, 12 KII and one FGDs from each ward were performed. SPSS 20.0, and MS Excel 2016 were used to calculate mean, percentage, frequency count, and chi-square test was used to determine the variation in people’s perception towards wild Elephant conservation. The total average damage of paddy per year per HHs was 834.1 kg followed by wheat 153.7 kg, and mustard 2.12 kg. The economic value of average annual crop damage per year per HHs accounted for NRs. 22669.70. Among total HHs, 84% of the respondents said that the trend of crop damage is increasing, 10% found no differences in crop damage, and remaining 6% said decreasing. During the last 5 years, 7 people were injured, and 6 were killed. The lighting fire, beating drum, and making noise were the local techniques used by all the respondents to chase away elephant for the mitigation of HEC. The farmers also guard their fields at night time. 60% of the respondents are positive towards elephant conservation and remaining 40% seems no significance for conservation. The compensation scheme for crop damage should be properly implemented in the study area to minimize the HEC. A sustained conservation education program especially focusing on female, farmers, and nomads are recommended to conserve wild elephants, and their habitat.

scholarly journals Epidemiological patterns of mental disorders and stigma in a community household survey in urban slum and rural settings in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria N Mutiso ◽  
Christine W Musyimi ◽  
Andrew Tomita ◽  
Lianne Loeffen ◽  
Jonathan K Burns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Opinions About Mental Illness ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This study investigated the epidemiological patterns of mental illness and stigma in community households in Kenya using a cross-sectional community household survey among 846 participants. Methods: A cross-sectional community household survey was conducted around urban slum (Kangemi) and rural (Kibwezi) selected health facilities in Kenya. All households within the two sites served by the selected health facilities were included in the study. To select the main respondent in the household, the oldest adult who could speak English, Kiswahili or both (the official languages in Kenya) was selected to participate in the interview. The Opinion about Mental Illness in Chinese Community (OMICC) questionnaire and the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview–Plus Version 5 (MINI) tools were administered to the participants. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare prevalence according to gender, while adjusted regression models examined the association between mental illness and views about mental illness, stratified by gender. Results: The overall prevalence of mental illness was 45%, showing gender differences regarding common types of illness. The opinions about mental illness were similar for men and women, while rural respondents were more positively opinionated than urban participants. Overall, suffering from mental illness was associated with more positive opinions among women and more negative opinions among men. Conclusion: More research is needed into the factors explaining the observed differences in opinion about mental illness between the subgroups, and the impact of mental illness on stigma in Kenya in order to create an evidence-based approach against stigma.

scholarly journals Assessment of Maize Production and Adoption of Improved Maize Seeds in Tanahun District of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288
Author(s):  
Kailash Prasad Pandey ◽  
Bijay Shrestha ◽  
Kushal Naharki ◽  
Chitra Bahadur Kunwar
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean

The major objective of this study is to assess the status of maize production and adoption of improved maize seeds in Tanahun district. The study also aims to determine the factors affecting the adoption of the improved seeds. 100 maize farmers from four different local bodies of Tanahun were selected by the purposive sampling method for the household survey. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, logit model and index score ranking method were used for the data analysis. The productivity of maize and annual income from maize were 767.62 kg/ha and Rs 9500 higher for the farmers using improved seeds as compared to those using the local seeds. The mean annual household income of farmers replacing the seeds yearly was Rs 18983 higher than the farmers replacing the seeds rarely. The frequency of the agriculture technician support and the frequency of seed replacement with the improved seed were found to significantly determine the adoption of the improved maize seeds. Farmers receiving the regular technician support were 15.726 times more likely to adopt the improved seeds as compared to those receiving the technician support rarely or never. The adopters had 458.10 kg/ha higher productivity than the non-adopters. Lack of irrigation facility was found to be the major problem in maize cultivation whereas the lack of timely availability of improved seed was found to be the most important constraint for the adoption of improved seeds. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 279-288  

Hubungan Antara Menyusui Dengan Involusi Uterus Pada Ibu Nifas Fisiologis Di RSIA Aura Syifa Kabupaten Kediri

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Eny Sendra ◽  
Dewi Indriani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fisher Test ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Moment

Breast feeding is giving milk to be drunk to the baby from the breast. Uterus involution is a process how the uterus return to the condition back, before pregnanting after bearing. At the moment of suckling, happens a stimulus and brings the hormones out, such as oksitosin uses not only to stimulate some muscles constraction but also to stimulate the uterus, so that the process of uterus involution happens foster. According to the explanations above, the research aimed to know about the correlation between breast feeding and uterus involution. This research’s design was, cross sectional by the population of all childbirth mothers approximately 50 persons / month. By using accidental sampling technique we got 21 sample respondents. The place of research in RSIA Aura Syifa in Kediri Regency on 16th until 22nd of June 2009. From this research’s result, we got 14 persons (66,67%) with normal uterus involution, suckled in a good way, one person (4,67%) with normal uterus involution, suckled in a wrong way, 2 persons (9,52%) with abnormal uterus involution, suckled in a good way and 4 persons (19,05%) with abnormal uterus involution, suckled in a wrong way. Statistic test which used chi-square test, counted the probability frequency in advance, from that we got 3 columns with the score, less than 5, so that chi-square can not be continued and by doing exact fisher test, the score was 0,001. Because P with the grade mistake 0,05 smaller, so the conclusion was “Ho” is rejected, it meant “there was correlation between suckling and uterus involution”. Key Word : Breast feeding, uterus involution

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